[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-450230-105":59,"doc-detail-450230-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","dna-damage-modulates-sleep-drive-in-basal-cnidarians-with-divergent-chronotypes","DNA damage modulates sleep drive in basal cnidarians with divergent chronotypes","","Behavioral analyses were used to define sleep in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda and in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. In C. andromeda, light and homeostasis drove night sleep and midday naps, whereas N. vectensis showed regulation by the circadian clock together with homeostatic processes, with increased sleep at dawn. Sleep deprivation, ultraviolet radiation, and mutagens elevated neuronal DNA damage and sleep pressure, while spontaneous or induced sleep promoted genome stability. The findings support DNA damage and cellular stress in simple nerve nets as drivers in sleep evolution.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dna-damage-modulates-sleep-drive-in-basal-cnidarians-with-divergent-chronotypes/450230/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dna-damage-modulates-sleep-drive-in-basal-cnidarians-with-divergent-chronotypes/450230.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How was sleep defined in Cassiopea andromeda and Nematostella vectensis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Sleep was empirically defined using behavioral criteria tailored to the two cnidarian models, capturing consolidated behavioral immobility with increased arousal thresholds.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which mechanisms primarily regulate sleep in the two species?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Light/dark cycle and homeostatic pressure primarily regulated sleep in the diurnal C. andromeda, while the circadian clock and homeostatic processes predominated in the crepuscular N. vectensis.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the relationship between DNA damage and sleep in these cnidarians?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Sleep deprivation, ultraviolet radiation, and mutagens increased neuronal DNA damage and sleep pressure, and both spontaneous and induced sleep facilitated genome stability across the diurnal and crepuscular species.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},450230,1790779782,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Article [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67400-5](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67400-5)  \nDNA damage modulates sleep drive in basal cnidarians with divergent chronotypes  \nReceived: 6 March 2024  \n\n| Accepted: 28 November 2025 |\n| --- |\n| |\n| Check for updates |\n\nRaphaël Aguillon1,2,3, Amir Harduf1,2,3, Dana Sagi1,2, Noa Simon-Blecher1, Oren Levy 1 & Lior Appelbaum 1,2   \nSleep is a conserved behavior across all animals with a nervous system, ranging from cnidarians to humans. Considering the survival risks, why sleep evolved in basal lineages and what essential benefits it provides to the simple nerve net of nocturnal and diurnal invertebrates remain elusive. We used behavioral criteria to empirically define sleep in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda and the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Light and homeostasis were the primary drivers of sleep in C. andromeda, which slept at night and napped at midday in both the laboratory and the natural habitat. In contrast, both the circadian clock and homeostatic processes regulated sleep in N. vectensis, which increased sleep at dawn. Similar to humans, C. andromeda, wild-type (WT) and Clock mutant (NvClkΔ/Δ) N. vectensis slept about onethird of the day, irrespective of the daily timing and architecture of sleep, and melatonin promoted sleep in accordance with the species-specific chronotype. Notably, sleep deprivation, ultraviolet radiation, and mutagens increased neuronal DNA damage and sleep pressure, while spontaneous and induced sleep facilitated genome stability in both the diurnal and crepuscular cnidarians. These results suggest that DNA damage and cellular stress in simple nerve nets may have driven the evolution of sleep.  \nSleep is a fundamental and evolutionarily conserved behavioral state prevalent across the animal kingdom, ranging from cnidarians to insects and mammals, suggesting that sleep is a Cambrian metazoan adaptation1–6. Sleep deprivation (SD) and disturbances are associated with increased risks for health decline in bilaterian animals7,8. The roles of sleep range from cellular repair and energy restoration to synaptic plasticity9–12. Nevertheless, the evolution of sleep came with major fitness compromises, such as reduced awareness of the environment and vulnerability to predation, and the fundamental conserved cellular functions of sleep remain elusive1,2,13.  \nSleep is defined by behavioral criteria and neuronal activity patterns. In most non-mammalian animals, sleep is characterized solely by distinct behavioral criteria, including consolidated periods of behavioral immobility accompanied by an increased arousal threshold in response to external stimuli and species-specific  \npostures1,2,14,15. Sleep is regulated by the circadian process, which determines sleep timing, and by the homeostatic process, which compensates for SD. The presence of sleep and these regulatory processes in basal and derived nocturnal and diurnal species suggests a common evolutionary origin of sleep regulation16,17.  \nSleep plays a critical role in the maintenance of genomic integrity: it reduces DNA damage, which accumulates during wakefulness in neurons of flies, fish, and mice18–21. The causes of DNA damage are diverse and include the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the inadvertent action of nuclear enzymes, and neuronal activity20,22,23. The non-dividing and irreplaceable mature excitable neurons may be particularly vulnerable to sleep loss. This cell type evolutionarily emerged in basal metazoans24 and may require sleep to facilitate cellular maintenance. Indeed, sleep-like behavior has recently been observed in two diurnal cnidarians, the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea and Hydra vulgaris (H. vulgaris)3,4,  \n1Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. 2The Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. 3These authors contributed equally: Raphaël Aguill","cbCaifAPJU6yzoQs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifAPJU6yzoQs","pdf",3247594,14,"English","# Background\n## Evolutionary conservation of sleep\n## Sleep regulation and behavioral criteria\n## Genomic integrity and DNA damage\n# Study design and model organisms\n## Cassiopea andromeda\n## Nematostella vectensis\n# Results\n## Sleep regulation under controlled and natural conditions\n## Chronotypes, circadian clock, and melatonin effects\n## DNA damage, sleep deprivation, and genome stability","[{\"question\":\"How was sleep defined in Cassiopea andromeda and Nematostella vectensis?\",\"answer\":\"Sleep was empirically defined using behavioral criteria tailored to the two cnidarian models, capturing consolidated behavioral immobility with increased arousal thresholds.\"},{\"question\":\"Which mechanisms primarily regulate sleep in the two species?\",\"answer\":\"Light/dark cycle and homeostatic pressure primarily regulated sleep in the diurnal C. andromeda, while the circadian clock and homeostatic processes predominated in the crepuscular N. vectensis.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the relationship between DNA damage and sleep in these cnidarians?\",\"answer\":\"Sleep deprivation, ultraviolet radiation, and mutagens increased neuronal DNA damage and sleep pressure, and both spontaneous and induced sleep facilitated genome stability across the diurnal and crepuscular species.\"}]","DNA damage modulates sleep drive in basal cnidarians with divergent chronotypes | PDF",1790732570,35]