[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-601318-105":59,"doc-detail-601318-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","divergence-in-interviews-with-children-improving-research-quality","Divergence in Interviews with Children - Improving Research Quality","","This paper reports a design-oriented study developed through close collaboration between two researchers and three preschool teachers. A play-based interview script was constructed from theoretically driven principles, then used to conduct five interview rounds with 27 toddlers across four semesters in three preschools. The paper is methodological, showing how unplanned divergence in the systematic interviews can strengthen research quality, and arguing this quality improvement depends on sustained collaboration with practitioners.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/divergence-in-interviews-with-children-improving-research-quality/601318/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/divergence-in-interviews-with-children-improving-research-quality/601318.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"hdkawk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-16","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the purpose of the design-oriented study described in the paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study aimed to examine how children’s numerical development could be facilitated and how teaching number-related aspects could become meaningful for toddlers, using a play-based interview approach.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the interviews implemented during the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Preschool teachers used a play-based interview script to interview 27 toddlers five times across four semesters in three preschools.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the paper emphasize methodological “divergence” in interviews?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It argues that sensitive, unplanned divergence in the interviews—despite making exact replication difficult—could nevertheless strengthen research quality.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601318,1792191655,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747859855,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Divergence in Interviews with Children – Improving Research Quality  \nHANNA PALMÉR   \nCAMILLA BJÖRKLUND   \n*Author affiliations can be found in the back matter of this article  \nABSTRACT  \nThis paper reports on a design oriented study conducted in close collaboration between two researchers and three preschool teachers. Within this study, a play-based interview script was designed in accordance with theoretically driven principles. Based on this script, the preschool teachers conducted interviews with children from three preschools five times over four semesters. The focus of this paper is methodological, aiming to show how sensitive divergence in these play-based interviews lead to a strengthened research quality. Of importance is that this quality improving divergence would not have been realized without the close collaboration between researchers and preschool teachers.  \nSPECIAL  \nCOLLECTION: DESIGNING LEARNING WITH PRACTITIONERS  \nMETHOD  \nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR:  \nHanna Palmér  \nLinnaeus University, SE  \n[hanna.palmer@lnu.se](hanna.palmer@lnu.se)  \nKEYWORDS:  \ninterview; toddler;  \nmathematics; validity; collaborative research  \nTO CITE THIS ARTICLE:  \nPalmér, H., & Björklund,  \nC. (2022) . Divergence in Interviews with Children – Improving Research Quality. Designs for Learning, 14(1), 52–57. DOI: [https://doi](https://doi). org/10.16993/dfl.187  \nINTRODUCTION  \nCritical in all research studies is the reliability of data generation and every researcher needs to adhere to this in order to present valid and convincing results. This is true in any research study, but in a collaborative research project concerning toddlers’(1–3 years of age) numerical development, this issue became distinct. The aim of the project was to investigate how numerical development can be facilitated and how the teaching of necessary aspects of numbers can be made meaningful for toddlers.1 The study was conducted in close collaboration between two researchers and three preschool teachers where the preschool teachers among other things conducted play-based interviews with 27 toddlers. These interviews were conducted five times with the toddlers during four semesters. The aim with the interviews was two-folded, partly to make possible taking the toddlers’experiences, needs and interest as the starting point for developing educational interventions, and partly to follow the numerical development of the toddlers during the two years of the study. The focus of this paper is however not on toddlers’ numerical development per se, but methodological focusing on validity, or more specifically: on how unplanned divergence in the systematic interviews may have strengthened research quality, even though the opposite may be expected. In the paper, we provide empirical examples and argue that sensitive divergence in the interviews, divergence that makes the interviews hard to exactly replicate, may nevertheless have strengthened research quality. Of importance is that this sensitive divergence would not have been realized without the close collaboration between researchers and preschool teachers.  \nQUALITY IN INTERVIEW STUDIES  \nInterviews are among the most common tool used in studies with young children (Aubrey & Dahl, 2005), but there are few interview studies involving children younger than five years (Clark, 2005) . Based on a review on 32 interview studies, Aubrey and Dahl (2005) conclude that open-ended questions are preferable for use in interviews with young children. However, interviews with young children are never a one-way event to extract information from children, it is rather a dynamic process whereby children and adults share and discuss meanings. To succeed in interviewing young children it is necessary to establish joint attention between child and researcher on a subject or question (Aubrey & Dahl, 2005; Johnson & Christensen, 2012; Siraj-Blatchford, 2010) .  \nReliability and validity are two often used notions in relation to quality in studie","cbCaigIqmGXYafQO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigIqmGXYafQO","pdf",342535,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Quality in Interview Studies","[{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of the design-oriented study described in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The study aimed to examine how children’s numerical development could be facilitated and how teaching number-related aspects could become meaningful for toddlers, using a play-based interview approach.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the interviews implemented during the study?\",\"answer\":\"Preschool teachers used a play-based interview script to interview 27 toddlers five times across four semesters in three preschools.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the paper emphasize methodological “divergence” in interviews?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that sensitive, unplanned divergence in the interviews—despite making exact replication difficult—could nevertheless strengthen research quality.\"}]","Divergence in Interviews with Children - Improving Research Quality | PDF",1792092391,15]