[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-134679-en":3,"doc-seo-134679-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},134679,8796095027276,"wps_ap_test_251126_0180","https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/d3BzX2FwX3Rlc3RfMjUxMTI2XzAxODA=",8,"Research & Report","Distribution of photosensitive fagopyrin in buckwheat flowers and its potential biological relevance","Buckwheat flowers accumulate high levels of the photosensitizer fagopyrin (FAG), yet its physiological role remains unclear. Light-sensitive compounds FAG and its precursor protofagopyrin (PFAG) absorb in the green-yellow range, suggesting responsiveness to light conditions. Plants were cultivated under distinct light spectra, and FAG/PFAG were quantified in floral organs using LC-MS, with spatial distribution mapped by MALDI-MS imaging. Pistil showed the highest contents, petals the lowest, and ovary-surrounding FAG suggests involvement in reproduction. Light treatments also revealed negative correlations between flower production and FAG levels, linking light environment to female gametophyte development.","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nDistribution of photosensitive fagopyrin in buckwheat flowers and its potential biological relevance  \nMarta Hornyák1􀀍, Monika Kula-Maximenko2, Zbigniew Miszalski1, Anna Nilsson3, Per E. Andrén3, UlfGöransson4 & Blazej Slazak1,4  \nFagopyrum esculentum (Moench) is a valuable pseudo-cereal valued for its highly nutritious, gluten-free seeds. Despite being recognized as a 21st-century superfood, buckwheat remains non-competitive in seed yield compared to common cereals. Low productivity is mainly caused by abnormalities in female gametophyte development and frequent flower and embryo abortion. Buckwheat flowers accumulate high levels of phototoxic fagopyrin (FAG), whose physiological role remains unclear. FAGand its precursor (PFAG) are light-sensitive compounds with absorbance spectra in the green-yellow range (549–593 nm, peak at 590 nm), which makes their accumulation potentially responsive to light conditions. To address this, plants were cultivated under different light spectra, and the content of FAG and PFAG was analyzed in distinct floral organs (stamen, pistil, petal, and receptacle) using LC-MS, with their spatial distribution assessed by the MALDI-MS imaging. Pistil showed statistically the highest FAG and PFAG contents, while petals contained the lowest levels. A high density of  \nFAG surrounding the ovary indicates a potential role in the reproductive part. Moreover, negative correlations were detected between flower production and FAG levels in the receptacles and pistils under specific light treatments. These results suggest that FAG may influence flower production and female gametophyte development, linking light environment to reproductive success in buckwheat.  \nKeywords Fagopyrin, Fagopyrum esculentum, Light spectrum, MALDI-MSI, Ovary, Photosensitizer  \nAbbreviations  \nACN acetonitrile  \nCHCA α–cyano–4–hydroxycinnamic acid DHB 2,5–dihydroxybenzoic acid  \nDLI Daily Light Integral  \nFAG fagopyrin  \nHYP hypericin  \nLC MS–Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry  \nLC MS/MS–Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry  \nLED Light Emitting Diodes  \nm/z mass–to–charge ratio  \nMALDI MSI Matrix–Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance  \nPFAG protofagopyrin  \nPPFD Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density  \nRB red and blue  \nRBG red, blue, and green  \nRBGY red, blue, green, and yellow  \nRBY red, blue, and yellow  \nROS Reactive Oxygen Species  \nS Sunlight spectrum  \nTFA trifluoroacetic acid  \n1W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, Cracow 31-512, Poland. 2The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, Cracow 30-239, Poland.  \n3Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden. 4Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 574, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden. 􀀍 [email: m.hornyak@botany.pl](email: m.hornyak@botany.pl)  \n[www. nature.com/scientificreports/](www. nature.com/scientificreports/)  \nCommon buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is economically the most valued species within the genus Fagopyrum1,2. Its wild ancestor, F. esculentum subsp. ancestrale Ohnishi originates from the mountain area of Yunnan province in China3. Currently, common buckwheat is a well-known species cultivated worldwide4,5. Buckwheat botanically belongs to the Polygonaceae family, but it is categorized as a pseudo-cereal crop6,7. It is an annual plant with a short vegetation period, prized for its highly nutritious seeds and multipurpose use of different parts of the plant4. The health-promoting properties of buckwheat result from the content of many bioactive components such as dietary fiber, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and vitamins8. Buckwheat seeds are gluten-free and contain a well-balanced amino acid","cbCairi8TqMOnIQq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairi8TqMOnIQq","pdf",2427044,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Buckwheat reproductive constraints and yield\n## Photosensitive fagopyrin and its known properties\n# Materials and Methods (study setup)\n## Light spectrum treatments and experimental design\n## Quantification of FAG and PFAG by LC-MS\n## Spatial imaging using MALDI-MS imaging\n# Results\n## Spatial organ distribution of FAG and PFAG\n## Relationship between flower production and FAG levels under light treatments\n# Conclusions and biological relevance","[{\"question\":\"What role does fagopyrin (FAG) play in buckwheat flowers according to the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study explores FAG’s potential involvement in reproductive processes, especially female gametophyte development, by linking its spatial distribution to flower and ovary-associated structures.\"},{\"question\":\"How were FAG and PFAG levels measured across different floral organs?\",\"answer\":\"Plants were grown under different light spectra, then FAG and PFAG contents in organs such as stamen, pistil, petal, and receptacle were analyzed using LC-MS.\"},{\"question\":\"What did MALDI-MS imaging reveal about the spatial distribution of FAG?\",\"answer\":\"MALDI-MS imaging was used to assess where FAG is concentrated within the flowers, showing a high density of FAG surrounding the ovary, consistent with a potential reproductive role.\"}]","Distribution of photosensitive fagopyrin in buckwheat flowers and its potential biological relevance | 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role does fagopyrin (FAG) play in buckwheat flowers according to the study?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The study explores FAG’s potential involvement in reproductive processes, especially female gametophyte development, by linking its spatial distribution to flower and ovary-associated structures.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How were FAG and PFAG levels measured across different floral organs?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Plants were grown under different light spectra, then FAG and PFAG contents in organs such as stamen, pistil, petal, and receptacle were analyzed using LC-MS.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What did MALDI-MS imaging reveal about the spatial distribution of FAG?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"MALDI-MS imaging was used to assess where FAG is concentrated within the flowers, showing a high density of FAG surrounding the ovary, consistent with a potential reproductive 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