[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-583484-105":59,"doc-detail-583484-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","distribution-of-federal-support-for-students-pursuing-higher-education-in-2016","Distribution of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016","","Using Congressional Budget Office estimates, the report analyzes how about $91 billion in federal assistance for students pursuing higher education in 2016 was distributed across households by income group. Spending programs provided most support ($54 billion), led by the Federal Pell Grant, while tax expenditures added $37 billion, led by tax credits such as the American Opportunity and Lifetime Learning Credits. 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This report examines the distribution of that assistance among households, by income group.  \n• Spending programs account for most of the federal government’s support, totaling $54 billion in 2016. The largest of those programs is the Federal Pell Grant Program, which provides assistance to students on the basis of their financial need.  \n• Income and payroll tax preferences—generally referred to as tax expenditures—for higher education totaled $37 billion in 2016. The largest of those preferences are tax credits—the American Opportunity Tax Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit. Both low-and middle-income taxpayers may qualify for those credits.  \n• Not all education assistance is need-based. Eligibility for education benefits for veterans, for example, is based on military service and does not vary with financial need. The progressive structure of the tax system causes the value of certain tax preferences (such as exclusions from taxable income) to increase as income rises.  \n• Households in the lowest two-fifths (or two quintiles) of the population received more than half of the overall education benefits in 2016. Households in the top two quintiles received about 30 percent.  \n• The benefits paid through spending programs are much more concentrated among lower-income households than higher-income households. The benefits of tax expenditures, in contrast, are more evenly distributed among income groups, with the largest share of tax benefits accruing to households in the three middle-income quintiles.  \n• All federal assistance, taken together, covers almost one-third of the cost of attendance for students from households in the lowest-income quintile but less than 10 percent for students from households in the highest-income quintile.  \n [www.cbo.gov/publication/53732](www.cbo.gov/publication/53732)  \nContents  \nSummary 1  \nHow Much Support Does the Government Provide Through Spending  \nPrograms and Tax Expenditures? 1  \nHow Is That Assistance Distributed Among Households? 2  \nHow Is the Distribution Estimated? 3  \nOverview and Magnitude of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016 3  \nFederal Spending Programs 4  \nFederal Tax Expenditures 5  \nBOX 1. WHAT ARE TAX EXPENDITURES? 6  \nDistribution of Federal Spending and Tax Expenditures in Support of Students  \nPursuing Higher Education in 2016 7  \nTotal Assistance 8  \nBOX 2. MEASURING BENEFITS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION ASA SHARE OF INCOME 9  \nFederal Spending Programs 10  \nFederal Tax Expenditures 16  \nBOX 3. THE EFFECTS OF THE 2017 TAX ACT ON FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION 18  \nData and Methods 23  \nTax Expenditures for Higher Education That Were Not Included in This Analysis 31  \nAlternative Valuations of Student Loans 35  \nList of Tables and Figures 37  \nAbout This Document 38  \nNotes  \nNumbers in the text and tables may not add up to totals because of rounding.  \nUnless this report indicates otherwise, all years mentioned are calendar years.  \nIn this report,“higher education” and “postsecondary education” are used interchangeably and refer to instructional programs primarily for students who have completed highschool or the equivalent. They include academic, vocational, and continuing professional education programs.  \nDistribution of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016  \nSummary  \nIn 2016, the federal government provided students pursuing higher education with about $91 billion indirect financial support through a wide variety of spending programs and income and payroll tax preferences, the Congressional Budget Office estimates. The largest programs and preferences give financial ","cbCaikmmpGdF0pI4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikmmpGdF0pI4","pdf",1596343,42,"English","# Summary\n# How Much Support Does the Government Provide Through Spending Programs and Tax Expenditures?\n# How Is That Assistance Distributed Among Households?\n# How Is the Distribution Estimated?\n# Overview and Magnitude of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016\n# Federal Spending Programs\n# Federal Tax Expenditures\n# Data and Methods","[{\"question\":\"What was the total amount of federal financial support for students pursuing higher education in 2016?\",\"answer\":\"The federal government provided about $91 billion in direct (indirect in the report’s summary phrasing) financial support in 2016 through spending programs and tax expenditures, according to the Congressional Budget Office estimates.\"},{\"question\":\"How much support came from federal spending programs versus tax expenditures?\",\"answer\":\"Spending programs totaled about $54 billion, while income and payroll tax preferences (tax expenditures) totaled about $37 billion in 2016.\"},{\"question\":\"How did benefits vary across household income groups?\",\"answer\":\"Households in the lowest two quintiles received more than half of overall education benefits in 2016, while households in the highest two quintiles received about 30%. Spending-program benefits were more concentrated among lower-income households than tax-expenditure benefits.\"}]","Distribution of Federal Support for Students Pursuing Higher Education in 2016 | PDF",1792047402,106]