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The study describes ongoing evolution within clade 2.3.4.4b in the Americas and contrasts South America’s largely single-introduction pattern with North America’s multiple independent introductions. A backyard outbreak in Chaco Province showed rapid high mortality, with further PCR and next-generation sequencing generating full and partial genomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dispatches-novel-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-ah5n1-virus-argentina-2025/458886/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dispatches-novel-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-ah5n1-virus-argentina-2025/458886.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"SANS","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What did genomic sequencing reveal about the 2025 H5N1 viruses detected in Argentina?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The sequencing identified novel triple-reassortant H5N1 viruses containing gene segments from Eurasian H5N1 and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from South and North American lineages.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the Argentina outbreak detected and what were the early clinical observations?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"On February 11, 2025, SENASA was notified of an outbreak in a mixed backyard flock in Chaco Province. The flock experienced high mortality within one week, and surviving birds showed diarrhea or lethargy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the findings describe differences between H5N1 spread in South America versus North America?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"South America outbreaks are largely linked to a single introduction and a genetically stable genotype, while North America epizootics are described as being reseeded by multiple independent introductions from Europe and Asia, with frequent reassortment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},458886,1790754696,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143,"preview_page_count":4},962090760505,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","DISPATCHES  \nNovel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Argentina, 2025  \nRalph E.T. Vanstreels, Martha I. Nelson, María C. Artuso, Vanina D. Marchione, Luana E. Piccini, Estefania Benedetti, Alvin Crespo-Bellido, Agostina Pierdomenico, Thorsten Wolff, Marcela M. Uhart, Agustina Rimondi  \nGenomic sequencing of reemerging highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus detected in Argentina in February 2025 revealed novel triple-reassortant viruses containing gene segments from Eurasian H5N1 and low pathogenicity viruses from South and North American lineages. Our findings highlight continued evolution and diversification of clade [2.3.4.4](2.3.4.4)b H5N1 in the Americas.  \nHhepraethinogtreondicucavedianto influSoutehnzAam(HPAericaIi)nviru202s2-by migratory birds from North America. The viruses belonged to the [2.3.4.4](2.3.4.4)b clade of HPAI A(H5N1) virus that became widespread in Europe in 2020 and spread to North America in 2021. The trajectory of H5N1 in South America has differed from H5N1 in North America in several critical ways. First, nearly all South America outbreaks stem from a single introduction of H5N1 viruses from North America (1,2), whereas the North America epizootic was reseeded by multiple independent introductions from Europe and Asia (A1–A6) (3,4) . Second, South America H5N1 outbreaks were driven by a single genotype (B3.2) that was introduced from North America and remained genetically stable during its spread across South America. In contrast, H5N1 viruses in North  \nAuthor affiliations: University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA (R. E.T. Vanstreels, M. M. Uhart); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (M. I. Nelson, A. Crespo-Bellido); Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Martínez, Buenos Aires, Argentina (M.C. Artuso, V. D. Marchione, L. E. Piccini); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas  \nDr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires (E. Benedetti); Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Buenos Aires (A. Pierdomenico); Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany (T. Wolff, A. Rimondi)  \nDOI: [https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3112.250783](https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3112.250783)  \nAmerica underwent frequent reassortment with low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, prompting new genotype nomenclature (using B, C, D) (3) . Third, South America’s H5N1 epizootic is unique in establishing mammal-to-mammal transmission in marine mammals, enabled by the H5N1 (B3.2) virus acquiring mammalian-adaptive polymerase basic (PB) 2 mutations (Q591K and D701N)(1,2) . That pattern has not occurred in North America, where H5N1 spillover into terrestrial and marine mammals was transient, except in United States dairy cattle (3) .  \nBeyond the ecologic devastation among coastal wildlife, in 2023, H5N1 (B3.2) virus spread widely in birds across mainland South America, leading to poultry and wild bird outbreaks (5–8) . Although in 2024 HPAI outbreaks occurred in Brazil and Peru (World Organisation for Animal Health, [https://wa](https://wa)[his.woah.org](his.woah.org)), there were no detections in Argentina during March 2024–January 2025.  \nThe Study  \nOn February 11, 2025, Servicio Nacional de Sanidady Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA; Buenos Aires, Argentina), Argentina’s national organization for agricultural health and safety, was notified of an outbreak in a mixed backyard flock (chickens, ducks, and turkeys) in Chaco Province, northern Argentina. The flock experienced high mortality (33/81 chickens, 37/99 ducks) in just 1 week. When we inspected the living flock, two thirds of the remaining 48 chickens had diarrhea and 1 of the remaining 62 ducks was lethargic; 2 turkeys were asymptomatic. The household was located within a remnant fragment of the Dry Chaco biome, a hot and semi-arid tropical dry forest, surrounded by agriculture cropland. The affected flock had free access to a small pond frequently visited by wild ","cbCaih2OiRV7N2mF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih2OiRV7N2mF","pdf",1799479,"English","# The outbreak and sampling process\n## Case description and surveillance\n## Laboratory testing and sequencing\n# Genomic findings and evolution\n## Novel triple-reassortant composition\n## Clade comparison in the Americas\n# Implications and observed spread","[{\"question\":\"What did genomic sequencing reveal about the 2025 H5N1 viruses detected in Argentina?\",\"answer\":\"The sequencing identified novel triple-reassortant H5N1 viruses containing gene segments from Eurasian H5N1 and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from South and North American lineages.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the Argentina outbreak detected and what were the early clinical observations?\",\"answer\":\"On February 11, 2025, SENASA was notified of an outbreak in a mixed backyard flock in Chaco Province. The flock experienced high mortality within one week, and surviving birds showed diarrhea or lethargy.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the findings describe differences between H5N1 spread in South America versus North America?\",\"answer\":\"South America outbreaks are largely linked to a single introduction and a genetically stable genotype, while North America epizootics are described as being reseeded by multiple independent introductions from Europe and Asia, with frequent reassortment.\"}]","DISPATCHES - Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Argentina, 2025 | PDF",13]