[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-591071-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-591071-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","disparities-in-judgment-a-case-of-concern-in-testing-and-assessment","Disparities in Judgment - A Case of Concern in Testing and Assessment","","Faculty in all disciplines must be prepared to assess students fairly and ethically. This study examines how faculty judgment, or the absence of it, shapes perceptions about ethics in assessment. Using results from a scenario-based survey given to in-service K-12 teachers, the research measures educators’ levels of agreement or disagreement about the ethics of specific assessment practices. Findings show sharp divisions among educators on what qualifies as ethical assessment.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/disparities-in-judgment-a-case-of-concern-in-testing-and-assessment/591071/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/disparities-in-judgment-a-case-of-concern-in-testing-and-assessment/591071.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"McQueen","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the main focus of the study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The study focuses on the central importance of faculty judgment and how judgment influences perceptions of ethics in student assessment.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was the study conducted?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It uses a scenario-based survey adopted from prior work, administered to in-service K-12 teachers across a school district.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What do the findings reveal about educators’ views?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The findings reveal significant divisions among educators regarding whether certain assessment practices are ethical or unethical.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},591071,1792210724,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":117,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":103,"preview_page_count":4},5909890329169,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Disparities in Judgment: A Case of Concern in Testing and  \nAssessment  \nDerrick D. Davis, Tuskegee University  \nAbstract  \nWithout question, faculty (regardless of discipline) should be equipped with the necessary skills to assess students fairly and ethically. This study focuses on the central and prevailing importance of faculty judgment and how that judgment (or lack thereof) influences perceptions related to ethics and assessment of students. The study outlines the results from a scenario-based survey (adopted by Green, Johnson, Kim & Pope, 2007) . The survey was given to in-service teachers across a K- 12 school district and measures whether or not teachers either strongly agreed or strongly disagreed when requested to judge the ethics of various assessment practices presented. Findings revealed that sharp divisions exist among educators related to assessing whether something is or is not an ethical assessment practice.  \nKeywords: evaluation, assessment, ethical, faculty, judgment  \nIf one is looking for a “flashpoint” in education, it is the assigning of grades and the controversy that surrounds the ethics related to the assessment of students. In large part, assessment remains the one area where, despite a basic foundation within educational preparation programs promoting summative and formative assessment, few “guidelines” are designed that focus on the principles that should guide “ethical assessment practices”(Green, Johnson, Kim & Pope, 2007, p. 999; Popham, 2017) . This lack of guidance within teacher preparation programs has been attributed to unethical grading practices that can either largely go unchecked or (once surfaced) has led to community backlash and legal woes for educational entities.  \nFurther, controversial policies like “no-zero” policies (which routinely “ban [faculty from issuing] grades of less than 50%” are raising ethical concerns as well (Fink 2018 ; Walker, 2016, para.1) . Such controversial ethical issues surrounding grades have led to firings of teachers for refusing to comply or resignations altogether (Fink 2018 ; Walker, 2016,) . Indeed, in 2018, an eighth-grade Social Studies teacher in St. Lucie, Florida, reached internet fame and thrusted her school district into controversy by posting her final message to students on Facebook (after being fired) that read: “Bye Kids. Mrs. Tirado loves you and wishes you the best in life! I have been fired for refusing to give you a 50% for not handing anything in” (Fink, 2018, para. 1) . Equally important, other ethical issues have surfaced related to teachers lacking sound judgment in grading altogether. For example, a graduate student at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania (after receiving a “C” in a course that led to her dismissal from her program), sued when it surfaced that she he was given a zero for classroom discussion due to her behavior during classroom discussions (Zotter, 2019) . Following years of litigation, the appellate panel stated that “While another instructor might have given a more lenient grade than zero for these infractions, we are reluctant to make a judicial determination to overturn [the] grade”(Zotter, 2019, para. 6) . Despite the school’s legal victory, in this case, the time and expense of such litigations are costly and can damage the reputation of the institution. Guidelines and professional development for instructors would help to avoid such “follies”, improve ethical assessment practices, and prevent costly litigation.  \nIndeed, similar grade challenges, like the University of Texas San Antonio Student Government Association voting that its grading system was flawed, are growing (Davila, 2018 ; Rhor, 2012 ; Sloan, 2014; Zaretsky, 2014) . Faced with growing grade challenges, the Texas Supreme Court, ruling on a separate case, stated that courts should only intervene in grade matters when the “school did not exercise professional judgment” (Feldman, 2019, para. 3) . Hence, professional judgment is key in determining w","cbCaigmdLnIjXIbM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigmdLnIjXIbM","pdf",358694,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# If one is looking for a “flashpoint” in education\n# Purpose and Significance\n# Review of Literature","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on the central importance of faculty judgment and how judgment influences perceptions of ethics in student assessment.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the study conducted?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a scenario-based survey adopted from prior work, administered to in-service K-12 teachers across a school district.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the findings reveal about educators’ views?\",\"answer\":\"The findings reveal significant divisions among educators regarding whether certain assessment practices are ethical or unethical.\"}]","Disparities in Judgment - A Case of Concern in Testing and Assessment | PDF",1792071058]