[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40822-en":3,"doc-seo-40822-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40822,1374391974468,"Eden","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",2,"Literature","Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (Studies in Epistemology)","Discovering Reality presents feminist perspectives aimed at diagnosing and overcoming sexist distortions across epistemology, metaphysics, methodology, and the philosophy of science. It argues that simply adding facts about women cannot correct frameworks that treat men’s lives and beliefs as the human norm. Feminist critique is positioned as a foundation for a more fundamental project: rooting out how entrenched inquiry theories mirror patriarchal practice, and grounding what counts as knowledge in lived experience shaped by social relations.","DISCOVERING REALITY  \nSYNTHESE LIBRARY  \nSTUDIES IN EPISTEMOLOGY,  \nLOGIC, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE  \nManaging Editor: JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Florida State University, Tallahassee  \nEditors:  \nDONALD DAVIDSON, University of California, Berkeley GABRIËL NUCHELMANS, University of Leyden WESLEY C. SALMON, University of Pittsburgh  \nVOLUME 161  \nDISCOVERING REALITY  \nFeminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science  \nEdited by  \nSANDRA HARDING  \nDept. of Philosophy, University of Delaware  \nand  \nMERRILL B. HINTIKKA  \nDept. of Philosophy, Florida State University  \nKLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS  \nNEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW  \neBook ISBN: 0-306-48017-4  \nPrint ISBN: 90-277-1496-7  \n©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers  \nNew York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow  \nPrint ©1983 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht  \nAll rights reserved  \nNo part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher  \nCreated in the United States of America  \nVisit Kluwer Online at: [http://kluweronline.com](http://kluweronline.com)  \nand Kluwer's eBookstore at: [http://ebooks.kluweronline.com](http://ebooks.kluweronline.com)  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nSANDRA HARDING AND MERRILL B. HINTIKKA / Introduction ix  \nLYNDA LANGE / Woman Is Not a Rational Animal: On Aristotle’s Biology of Reproduction 1  \nELIZABETH V. SPELMAN / Aristotle and the Politicization of the Soul 17  \nJUDITH HICKS STIEHM / The Unit of Political Analysis: Our Aristotelian Hangover 31  \nRUTH HUBBARD / Have Only Men Evolved? 45  \nMICHAEL GROSS AND MARY BETH AVERILL / Evolution and Patriarchal Myths of Scarcity and Competition 71  \nANN PALMERI / Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science 97  \nLOUISE MARCIL-LACOSTE / The Trivialization of the Notion of Equality 121  \nMERRILL B. HINTIKKA AND JAAKKO HINTIKKA / How Can Language Be Sexist? 139  \nJANICE MOULTON / A Paradigm of Philosophy: The Adversary Method 149  \nKATHRYN PYNE ADDELSON / The Man of Professional Wisdom 165  \nEVELYN FOX KELLER / Gender and Science 187  \nEVELYN FOX KELLER AND CHRISTINE R. GRONTKOWSKI / The Mind’s Eye 207  \nNAOMI SCHEMAN / Individualism and the Objects of Psychology 225  \nJANE FLAX / Political Philosophy and the Patriarchal Unconscious: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Epistemology and Metaphysics 245  \nNANCY C. M. HARTSOCK / The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism 283  \nSANDRA HARDING / Why Has the Sex/Gender System Become Visible Only Now? 311  \nINDEX OF NAMES 325  \nWe dedicate this volume to the memory of Jane English, whose brilliance, inspiration, courage and warmth are sorely missed by her colleagues in philosophy and by her friends.  \nSANDRA HARDING AND MERRILL B. HINTIKKA  \nINTRODUCTION  \nDuring the last decade, feminist research has attempted to add understandings of women and their social activities to what we all thought we knew about nature and social life. However, from the very beginning of this project, it has appeared to be in tension with some of the most fundamental insights of the Second Women’s Movement. Only recently has the nature of this tension become clear. Within the theories, concepts, methods and goals of inquiry we inherited from the dominant discourses we have generated an impressive collection of “facts” about women and their lives, cross-culturally and historically – and we can produce many, many more. But these do not, and cannot, add up to more than a partial and distorted understanding of the patterns of women’s lives. We cannot understand women and their lives by adding facts about them to bodies of knowledge which take men, their lives, and their beliefs as the human norm. Furthermore, it is now evident that if women’s lives cannot be understood within the inherited inquiry frameworks, than neither can men’s lives. The attempts to a","cbCaitCidrxEuIg8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitCidrxEuIg8","pdf",2783635,4,1,342,"English","en",105,"# Table of Contents\n## Introduction\n## Woman Is Not a Rational Animal\n## Aristotle and the Politicization of the Soul\n## The Unit of Political Analysis\n## Have Only Men Evolved?\n## Evolution and Patriarchal Myths of Scarcity and Competition\n## Charlotte Perkins Gilman\n## The Trivialization of the Notion of Equality\n## How Can Language Be Sexist?\n## A Paradigm of Philosophy\n## The Man of Professional Wisdom\n## Gender and Science\n## The Mind’s Eye\n## Individualism and the Objects of Psychology\n## Political Philosophy and the Patriarchal Unconscious\n## The Feminist Standpoint\n## Why Has the Sex/Gender System Become Visible Only Now?\n## Index of Names","[{\"question\":\"Why does the introduction criticize simply adding facts about women to existing knowledge frameworks?\",\"answer\":\"Because inherited inquiry frameworks take men’s lives and beliefs as 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