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Early America  \n2. The Colonial Period  \n3. The Road to Independence  \n4. The Formation of a National Government  \n5. Westward Expansion and Regional Differences  \n6. Sectional Conflict  \n7. The Civil War and Reconstruction  \n8. Growth and Transformation  \n9. Discontent and Reform  \n10. War, Prosperity, and Depression  \n11. The New Deal and World War II  \n12. Postwar America  \n13. Decades of Change: 1960-1980  \n14. The New Conservatism and a New World Order  \n15. Bridge to the 21st Century  \nThis series is © 2011 Student Handouts. For any questions, please visit our website:  \n[www.studenthandouts.com](www.studenthandouts.com).  \nDISCONTENT AND REFORM: United States History Workbook \\#9  \nTable of Contents:  \n1. Agrarian Distress and the Rise of Populism  \n2. The Struggles of Labor  \n3. The Reform Impulse  \n4. Roosevelt’s Reforms  \n5. Taft and Wilson  \n6. A Nation of Nations  \nUnited States History Workbook Series-Answer Keys  \n[http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/United-States](http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/United-States)History-Workbooks-Answer-Keys/00-Answer-Keys. htm  \nPage 2  \nStudent Handouts (Order \\#3780974)  \nDiscontent and Reform – United States History Workbook \\#9 of 15  \n1 Agrarian Distress and the Rise of Populism  \nIn spite of their remarkable progress, late-19th century American farmers experienced recurring periods of hardship. Mechanical improvements greatly increased yield per hectare. The amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century, as the railroads and the gradual displacement of the Plains Indians opened up new areas for western settlement. A similar expansion of agricultural lands in countries such as Canada, Argentina, and Australia compounded these problems in the international market, where much of U.S. agricultural production was now sold. Everywhere, heavy supply pushed the price of agricultural commodities downward.  \nMidwestern farmers were increasingly restive over what they considered excessive railroad freight rates to move their goods to market. They believed that the protective tariff, a subsidy to big business, drove up the price of their increasingly expensive equipment. Squeezed by low market prices and high costs, they resented ever-heavier debt loads and the banks that held their mortgages. Even the weather was hostile. During the late 1880s droughts devastated the western Great Plains and bankrupted thousands of settlers.  \nIn the South, the end of slavery brought major changes. Much agricultural land was now worked by sharecroppers, tenants who gave up to half of their crop to a landowner for rent, seed, and essential supplies. An estimated 80 percent of the South's African-American farmers and 40 percent of its white ones lived under this debilitating system. Most were locked in a cycle of debt, from which the only hope of escape was increased planting. This led to the over-production of cotton and tobacco, and thus to declining prices and the further exhaustion of the soil.  \nThe first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was by the Patrons of Husbandry, a farmer's group popularly known as the Grange movement. Launched in 1867 by employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families encountered. Women's participation was actively encouraged. Spurred by the Panic of 1873, the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and oneand-a-half million members.  \nThe Granges set up their own marketing systems, stores, processing plants, factories, and cooperatives, but most ultimately failed. The movement also enjoyed some politica","cbCaibsY1j77fTjf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibsY1j77fTjf","pdf",632244,23,"English","# Agrarian Distress and the Rise of Populism\n## The Struggles of Labor\n## The Reform Impulse\n## Roosevelt’s Reforms\n## Taft and Wilson\n## A Nation of Nations","[{\"question\":\"What factors drove agrarian distress in late-19th-century America?\",\"answer\":\"Farmers faced recurring hardships caused by heavy supply lowering prices, costly equipment and protective tariffs, high railroad freight rates, and high debt loads. Drought in the Great Plains also devastated settlers and pushed many into bankruptcy.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the Grange movement initially respond to farmers’ isolation and problems?\",\"answer\":\"Launched in 1867, the Grange first focused on social activities to counter the isolation of farm families, encouraging women’s participation. It later created marketing systems and attempted broader economic cooperation, with some limited political achievements such as “Granger laws.”\"},{\"question\":\"How did the Populist Party emerge from earlier farmer organizations?\",\"answer\":\"By 1880 the Grange declined and was replaced by the more overtly political Farmers’ Alliances. By 1890 agrarian distress fueled political action, leading to increased support for the People’s (Populist) Party, including a major convention in Omaha in 1892 and election gains in multiple states.\"}]","Discontent and Reform - United States History Workbook 9 | PDF",1792384015,58]