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Using five ELF business meetings from the VOICE corpus, the study identifies disagreement instances and applies Stalpers’s (1995) framework to test whether disagreement is mitigated. Results show both mitigated and unmitigated forms are used, with a clear preference for mitigated expressions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/disagreement-strategies-used-by-speakers-of-english-as-a-lingua-franca-in-business-meetings-article-mitigated-and-unmitigated-forms/590013/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/disagreement-strategies-used-by-speakers-of-english-as-a-lingua-franca-in-business-meetings-article-mitigated-and-unmitigated-forms/590013.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data source does the study use to analyze disagreement in ELF business meetings?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study draws on five ELF business meetings taken from the VOICE corpus.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the study assess whether disagreement is mitigated?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"After identifying disagreement instances, it applies Stalpers’s (1995) framework to determine whether disagreement is accompanied by mitigation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the main result regarding mitigated versus unmitigated disagreement?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The speakers express disagreement in both forms, but there is a marked preference for mitigated expressions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590013,1792166831,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Advances in Language and Literary Studies  \nISSN: 2203-4714  \n[www.alls.aiac.org.au](www.alls.aiac.org.au)  \n| Disagreement Strategies used by Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca in Business Meetings\u003Cbr>AlaaAhmedAlzahrani*\u003Cbr>Department of English Language & Literature, Faculty of Arts, King Saud University Riyadh 12441, Saudi Arabia Corresponding Author: AlaaAhmedAlzahrani, E-mail: [alaa-zahrani@hotmail.com](alaa-zahrani@hotmail.com) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ARTICLE INFO\u003Cbr>Article history\u003Cbr>Received: March 06, 2020\u003Cbr>Accepted: May 28, 2020\u003Cbr>Published: June 30, 2020\u003Cbr>Volume: 11 Issue: 3\u003Cbr>Advance access: June 2020 Conflicts of interest: None\u003Cbr>Funding: None\u003Cbr>Keywords:\u003Cbr>Disagreement in ELF Interaction, Business ELF Interaction,\u003Cbr>ELF Speaker’s Disagreement Strategies, Mitigated and Unmitigated Disagreement,\u003Cbr>The VOICE Corpus | ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Numerous studies have attested to the consensus-orientation and cooperative nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) interactions. However, limited attention has been given to moments of disagreements in ELF communication, with most of the little existing work focusing on disagreements in ELF academic or informal contexts. Consequently, little is known about how ELF users display disagreement in real-life business contexts. For this reason, this study examined disagreement expressions in five ELF business meetings drawn from the VOICE corpus to understand the nature of disagreement in ELF interactions. Following the identification of disagreement instances, the study used Stalpers’s (1995) framework to investigate whether the disagreement was accompanied by a mitigation strategy that reduces its impact. It was found that the examined ELF business speakers express their disagreement in both mitigated and unmitigated forms with a marked preference for using mitigated expressions, indicating that the appropriate linguistic choice for expressing disagreements in a between-company business meeting is a mitigated disagreement form. Another main finding is the frequent use of disagreement utterances, suggesting that ELF speakers do not merely seek consensus, but they also raise objections and state their different opinions. One implication of these findings is that ELF encounters might not be as consensus-seeking and mutually supportive as suggested in previous works. Taken together, the findings ofthe present study extended the existing body of work on ELF disagreement and, in general, added further to our understanding of ELF interaction. |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nNumerous studies have attested to the consensus-orientation and cooperative nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) interactions (Jenkins, Cogo, & Dewey, 2011). Previous research has revealed that ELF speakers employ a variety of interactional cooperative strategies to reach mutual understanding such as repetition (Björkman, 2014; Cogo, 2009), paraphrasing (Alharbi, 2016; Björkman, 2014; Mauranen, 2010), utterance completion (Alharbi, 2016; Björkman, 2014; Cogo & Dewey, 2012) and backchannelling (Alharbi, 2016; Cogo & Dewey, 2012). While much of the early research on ELF interaction mostly focused on such cooperative aspects, more recently, other questions have been raised concerning ELF users’ disagreement practices. In particular, ways of expressing conflicting opinions in ELF interactions have been investigated in academic settings (Bjørge, 2012; Komori-Glatz, 2018; Matsumoto, 2018; Toomaneejinda & Harding, 2018), informal settings (Jenks, 2012; Konakahara, 2015, 2017), with little attention to professional business contexts (Marra, 2016). Consequently, little is known about how ELF users display disagreement in real-life business contexts. Thus, the present study examined the disagreement practices used in ELF business meetings in the VOICE corpus (Seidlhofer et al., 2013b) to extend this line of research further.  \nEarlier views of politeness theory maintain that disagreement is a face-threatening act (FTA) since it is th","cbCaitJ36qYsDuIc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitJ36qYsDuIc","pdf",205823,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Background on ELF interaction\n## Disagreement as a face-threatening act\n## Politeness theory vs. pragmatic approaches\n# Methods (from abstract)\n## Data source: VOICE corpus\n## Framework for analysis\n# Findings (from abstract)\n## Mitigated vs unmitigated disagreement\n## Frequency and function of disagreement","[{\"question\":\"What data source does the study use to analyze disagreement in ELF business meetings?\",\"answer\":\"The study draws on five ELF business meetings taken from the VOICE corpus.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study assess whether disagreement is mitigated?\",\"answer\":\"After identifying disagreement instances, it applies Stalpers’s (1995) framework to determine whether disagreement is accompanied by mitigation.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main result regarding mitigated versus unmitigated disagreement?\",\"answer\":\"The speakers express disagreement in both forms, but there is a marked preference for mitigated expressions.\"}]","Disagreement Strategies used by Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca in Business Meetings - Article - mitigated and unmitigated forms | PDF",1792068606,28]