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Before the fourteenth century, thinkers generally did not frame a confrontation or a strict separation between scientific and religious domains. From the nineteenth century onward, modernist discourse created new dialectical pathways connecting religion and science, eliciting distinct Muslim responses. This article provides a theoretical interpretation of foundations and arguments from Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas and Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy using functionalism and symbolism.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dinamika-ilmu-vol-22-no-1-2022-recognizing-the-position-and-validity-of-science-in-understanding-religion/601327/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dinamika-ilmu-vol-22-no-1-2022-recognizing-the-position-and-validity-of-science-in-understanding-religion/601327.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"hdkawk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the article describe the early relationship between science and religion?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It explains that when science first emerged, it grew within a religious environment because studying nature was viewed as a kind of prayer.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What historical developments are said to change the science–religion relationship?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It states that scientism and debates that removed metaphysical concepts from physical theory contributed to the decline of religion’s role in scientific circles.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What perspectives does the article use to interpret the two thinkers’ views?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It uses functionalism and symbolism approaches to analyze the foundations and arguments of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas and Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601327,1792459103,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859855,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","DINAMIKA ILMU  \nVol. 22 No. 1, 2022  \nP-ISSN: 1411-3031; E-ISSN: 2442-9651  \ndoi: [http://doi.org/10.21093/di.v22i1.4357](http://doi.org/10.21093/di.v22i1.4357)  \nRecognizing the Position and Validity of Science in Understanding Religion: The Perspectives of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas and Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy  \nMaryam Shamsaei  \nUniversity of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.  \n[e-mail: shamsaie2008@yahoo.com](e-mail: shamsaie2008@yahoo.com)  \nMohd Hazim Shah  \nNorthern University of Malaysia  \nAbstract  \nRecognizing the position and validity of science in understanding religion has led to very diverse algorithms in the Islamic world. It must be admitted that before the fourteenth century, there were no views on the confrontation of or separation of the realm of science and religion. Although after the nineteenth century, the advent of modernist discourse in the Islamic world's cultural, social, and political programs and methods set the grounds for a dialectic path on the connection between religion and science. In this regard, Muslim thinkers have given distinct responses to Western modernization, such as agreeing, rejecting, or transforming this claim according to Islamic attitudes. This article seeks to conduct a theoretical interpretation and investigation of the foundations and arguments of two Muslim thinkers, Syed Muhammad NaquibAl-Attasand Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy with “functionalism”and“symbolism” approaches to science. These two thinkers have paid special attention to religion, science, and modern technology, while they have different fundamental views on the relationship between science and religion.  \nKeywords: functionalism, Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, science, Syed Muhammad Naquib AlAttas, symbolism  \nA. Introduction  \nWhen science came into being, it grew in a religious environment, because the study of nature was considered a kind of prayer by scientists of the new science. However, overtime, scientific-empirical thinking prevailed over the entire human realm, and the rapid development of science reinforced the idea in the practical and theoretical aspects that the only valid method for achieving the truth is the scientific-empirical method. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientism was introduced, which believed that science could explain everything and that there was no need for God (Golshani,2021) . It was during this period that the empiricist debate emerged, arguing that metaphysical concepts should be removed from any physical theory because they have no roots in sensory experience. Thus, the groundwork was laid for the emergence of the schools of positivism and Darwinism in the nineteenth century and Freudianism and rational positivism in the twentieth century, when religion lost its place in scientific circles. It shall be noted that the common feature of all these schools is that priority is given to sensory experience and metaphysics is rejected. In the second half of the nineteenth century, religion faded and isolated from scientific circles more and more, which has continued until now. In the past few decades, however, some thinkers have endeavored to revive religion and its relation to science such as Mehdi Golshani,Ziauddin Sardar, and Ismail Raji Al Faruqi.  \nToday, scientists recognize that science has many limitations and that paying attention to science only leads to the loss of human values. On the other hand, In the Islamic view, the criterion for the desirability of a science is its usefulness, and the criterion for its usefulness is to lead man to God and to please him. Any science that has this quality is praiseworthy and its acquisition is worship. It was with this insight that Muslim scholars acquired science in the early centuries AH (Golshani, 2019). Therefore, it can be said that in the Islamic world, the issue of conflict or the distinction between science and religion has not been raised much because there is no conflict between narrative and rational teachings with sc","cbCailb5AbCZyQu4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailb5AbCZyQu4","pdf",305682,17,"English","# A. Introduction\n## Science’s rise in a religious environment\n## Scientism, empiricism, and the shift away from religion\n## Criteria of science usefulness in Islam\n## Classifications of science–religion interaction","[{\"question\":\"How does the article describe the early relationship between science and religion?\",\"answer\":\"It explains that when science first emerged, it grew within a religious environment because studying nature was viewed as a kind of prayer.\"},{\"question\":\"What historical developments are said to change the science–religion relationship?\",\"answer\":\"It states that scientism and debates that removed metaphysical concepts from physical theory contributed to the decline of religion’s role in scientific circles.\"},{\"question\":\"What perspectives does the article use to interpret the two thinkers’ views?\",\"answer\":\"It uses functionalism and symbolism approaches to analyze the foundations and arguments of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas and Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy.\"}]","DINAMIKA ILMU - Vol. 22 No. 1 - 2022 - Recognizing the Position and Validity of Science in Understanding Religion | PDF",1792092412,43]