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This corpus-based study examines the frequency and functions of metadiscourse markers in student essays by Turkish learners of English and compares their patterns with native-speaker norms. Using BAWE and BNC as reference corpora, results show interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more often than textual ones across experience levels and L1 backgrounds, indicating pragmatic competence develops with writing experience.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dimension-of-experience-metadiscourse-in-the-texts-of-novice-non-native-novice-native-and-expert-native-speaker/589785/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dimension-of-experience-metadiscourse-in-the-texts-of-novice-non-native-novice-native-and-expert-native-speaker/589785.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study investigate regarding metadiscourse?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It explores the frequencies and usages of metadiscourse markers in student essays written by Turkish learners of English and examines divergences from native-speaker norms.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which corpora are used as references in the analysis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses British Academic Written English (BAWE) and the British National Corpus (BNC) as reference corpora.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What main pattern do the findings report about metadiscourse marker types?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more frequently than textual metadiscourse markers in academic discourse, regardless of writing experience or L1 background.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589785,1792161588,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Advances in Language and Literary Studies  \nISSN: 2203-4714  \n[www.alls.aiac.org.au](www.alls.aiac.org.au)  \n| Dimension of Experience: Metadiscourse in the Texts of Novice Non-Native, Novice Native and Expert Native Speaker\u003Cbr>H. Gülru Yüksel*, Suzan Kavanoz\u003Cbr>Faculty of Education, Yıldız Technical University 34210 Esenler-Istanbul-TURKEY Corresponding Author: H. Gülru Yüksel, [E-mail: hayuksel@yildiz.edu.tr](E-mail: hayuksel@yildiz.edu.tr) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ARTICLE INFO\u003Cbr>Article history\u003Cbr>Received: February 07, 2018\u003Cbr>Accepted: April 27, 2018\u003Cbr>Published: 30, 2018\u003Cbr>Volume: 9 Issue: 3\u003Cbr>Advance access: May 2018 Conflicts of interest: None\u003Cbr>Funding: The research is financed by Yıldız Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office. No. 2012-09-02-KAP01 | ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Metadiscourse is essential in establishing pragmatically effective academic written communication. However, little is known about how metadiscourse is used in written texts produced by tertiary level second language learners. This corpus-based linguistic research study aims to explore the frequencies and usages of metadiscourse markers in student essays written by Turkish learners of English and investigate the divergences from native speaker norms. As reference corpora, British Academic Written English (BAWE) and British National Corpus (BNC) were used. We found that in academic discourse, regardless of experience in writing (novice or expert) and L1 language background, interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more frequently than textual metadiscourse markers. The commonalities between novice nonnative and expert native writers together with differences between two native speaker groups suggest that pragmatic competence, particularly metadiscourse use, develops by experience regardless of L1 background. |\n| Key words: Academic writing, Native speaker writers, Corpus-linguistics, Metadiscourse, Novice learner writers |  |\n\nINTRODUCATION  \nThe growing importance of English-medium instruction in education, and the upsurge in the number of programs offered in English in universities worldwide has increased the need for learners of English to develop effective communication skills that go beyond the level of accuracy. This demand has urged language educators and researchers to re-consider the teaching and learning of academic communication skills within second and foreign language (FL) contexts. Owing to the importance of language proficiency for success at tertiary level, researchers have been keenly interested in examining the development of written communication skills of non-native speakers of English from a variety of perspectives such as lexical richness (e.g. Laufer & Nation, 1995), grammatical complexity (e.g., Biber, Gray & Poonpon, 2011) and argument structure (e.g., Zare-Ee & Farvardin, 2009) . Despite the abundance of these studies, we still know little about how undergraduate second language (L2) writers communicate their meanings, and more importantly how they project themselves into their discourse while producing academic texts. An important linguistic resource to gain a deeper understanding of how L2 learners build reader-writer relation is to investigate the use of metadiscourse markers (henceforth, MDMs) in learner texts.  \nMetadiscourse markers (MDMs) are defined as “linguistic devices that are used to organize discourse or the writer’s stance towards either its content or the reader” (Hyland, 2000.: 109) . These linguistic features have been investigated in a number of contexts ranging from textbooks (Crismore, 1984) to research and newspaper articles (Hyland, 2000; Dafouz-Milne, 2008) from cross-cultural (Ädel, 2006) and cross-disciplinary (Hyland, 2004) perspectives. Much of this research has been conducted on academic writing produced either by postgraduate students, academicians, or professionals while undergraduate writing has received less attention. We still know little about how metadiscourse marker","cbCaieqBg2UVuJ8Q","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieqBg2UVuJ8Q","pdf",298288,"English","# Introduction\n## Metadiscourse markers and prior research\n## Research aims and questions","[{\"question\":\"What does the study investigate regarding metadiscourse?\",\"answer\":\"It explores the frequencies and usages of metadiscourse markers in student essays written by Turkish learners of English and examines divergences from native-speaker norms.\"},{\"question\":\"Which corpora are used as references in the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses British Academic Written English (BAWE) and the British National Corpus (BNC) as reference corpora.\"},{\"question\":\"What main pattern do the findings report about metadiscourse marker types?\",\"answer\":\"Interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more frequently than textual metadiscourse markers in academic discourse, regardless of writing experience or L1 background.\"}]","Dimension of Experience - Metadiscourse in the Texts of Novice Non-Native, Novice Native and Expert Native Speaker | PDF",1792068118,23]