[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-436771-105":59,"doc-detail-436771-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","digitalis-bioassay-and-standardization-in-humans","DIGITALIS - Bioassay and Standardization in Humans","","Digitalis bioassay is required because satisfactory chemical methods cannot determine digitalis glycosides. Existing biological assays show inconsistent results and fail to reliably predict therapeutic potency in humans. Evidence contrasts animal assays that focus on toxic cardiac actions (frog systolic stoppage, cat ventricular fibrillation) with human-relevant effects. A human-based principle measures graded doses with sufficient drug-elimination intervals, then estimates unknown potency through pharmacological and electrocardiographic responses, especially T-wave changes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/digitalis-bioassay-and-standardization-in-humans/436771/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/digitalis-bioassay-and-standardization-in-humans/436771.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jasmine","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are chemical methods considered insufficient for digitalis standardization?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Because there are no satisfactory chemical methods for determining digitalis glycosides.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What do discrepancies between animal bioassays imply for human potency?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Results from different animal methods vary in ways that do not reliably indicate therapeutic potency in humans, so standardization based on animal outcomes may mislead.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is digitalis potency assessed in humans in the described method?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"By establishing each individual’s response to graded doses of a standard preparation, allowing sufficient elimination time, and then administering the unknown preparation. Effects are measured using electrocardiogram changes, especially T-wave comparisons, along with clinical and toxic responses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},436771,1791467802,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336478487870,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","D口旧M E  \nS H A R P &  \n■是VOLU ME 3p御em67  \n3  \nS H A RP&DO H M E  \nV OL.3  \nN o.4  \nN OVE M BE R,1941  \nDIGITALIS STANDARDIZATION IN HUMANS ..PAGE 1  \n# Part I.CLINICAL CONFERENCE\n\nCASE TWENTY-THREE Sore Throat,Malaise,Fever and Vomiting ofFour Days Duration..  PAGE 3  \nCASE TWENTY-FOURLethargy,Irritability and Refusal to Eat for  \nFive Days..  .  PAGE 4  \n# Part II.CLINICAL NOTES\n\nObservations on Certain Contagious DiseasesI—Chickenpox,Measles,German Measles,Scarlet Fever,Smallpox.  ·  .·  .  .  PAGE 5  \n# Part III.ABSTRACTS OF MEDICAL LITERATURE\n\nABSTRACT ONEThe Management of Shock and Toxemia in  \nc Burns.   ..·.PAGE 19ABSTRACT TWoSulfadiazine—Therapeutic Evaluation and  \nToxic Effects on Four Hundred and Forty-Six Patients.PAGE 20ABSTRACT THREESulfadiazine and Sulfathiazole in the Treat-ment of Pneumococcic Pneumonia.A Prog-ress Report on 200 Cases.PAGE 22ABSTRACT FOURPhenyl-Propanol-Amine Hydrochloride as  \na Vasoconstricting Agent in Otolaryngology PAGE 23ABSTRACT FIVEThe Svnthetic Estrogen Diethylstilbestrol PAGE 24  \nS  \n(11D  \nEditor  \nJ OHN HEN DERSON,M.D  \nPublisbed Quarterly byS HAR P &DOH M E,IN C.Pbarmaceuticals·Mulford BiologicalsPHILADELPHI A,PA.  \nCOPYRIGHT,1941,BY SHARP&DOHME,INC.  \nPRINTED IN U.S.A.  \nDIGITALIS  \nlandaudiyalion inHUMANS  \nBIOASSAY of digitalis is made necessary by the factthat there are no satisfactory chemical methodsavailable for the determination of digitalis glycosides,a difficulty which has long been a pharmacologicalproblem.Although many biological methods have beendevised for the standardization of digitalis,none canbe relied upon with certainty as an estimation of truepotency.The results from these various bioassay pro-cedures are so lacking in uniformity that they fail toprovide a reliable indcx of the therapeutic potencywhich will be manifested in humans.  \nPrior to the adoption of the pharmacopeial one-hourfrog method,it was shown by Edmundsl that thepotency of various digitalis preparations varied widely,the strongest being about three times as potent as theweakcst.Nevertheless,that the frog method is notsatisfactory has been shown by the recent studies ofGold and Cattell.2 These workers found that the catmethod of assay reveals a three-fold variation in thepotency of recently prepared commercial U.S.P.tinctures.Prcsent evidence indicates that the apparentdeterioration of digitalis preparations,according tothe frog method of assay,is artefactual and is notcorroborated by the cat method of assay or by theeffects in humans.3,4,5,6  \nA partial explanation of this discrepancy may lie inthe fact that the frog method involves absorptionfrom the lymph sac and thc cat method involves noabsorption since the drug is injected directly into thecirculation,while in humans,absorption must occurfrom the alimentary tract.  \nCriticism of animal assay methods has been basedon the fact that they measure the toxic action ofdigitalis glycosides such as systolic stoppage of theheart in the frog,and ventricular fibrillation in thecat,and fail to measure an action comparable to thepharmacological or therapeutic effect desired in man.  \n●Correlation of the electrocardiogram with the cardiac cycle  \nAttempts have bcen made to standardize the potencyof digitalis in humans,but until recently these metwith little success.  \nThe object of biological assay is to establish uni-formity in the potency of digitalis preparations in thehuman.That the official frog mcthod fails to accom-plish this objective has been demonstrated by Goldand Cattell and others,2,6,7,8who showed that digi-talis preparations of equivalent potencies in frogsmay be of widely divergent potency in humans.Itwas further shown that preparations having a grosslydifferent activity in frogs may be of equal activity inhumans.It therefore appears logical that a powerfuland potentially dangerous drug such as digitalis,which is to be used for the treatment of humancardiac diseases,should be standardized in humans.By so doing,the almost certain error w","cbCaiu3X2mI2anXz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu3X2mI2anXz","pdf",2151806,28,"English","# Part I. Clinical Conference\n## Case Twenty-Three\n## Case Twenty-Four\n# Part II. Clinical Notes\n## Observations on Certain Contagious Diseases\n# Part III. Abstracts of Medical Literature\n## Abstract One\n## Abstract Two\n## Abstract Three\n## Abstract Four\n## Abstract Five\n# DIGITALIS Bioassay and Standardization in Humans\n## Rationale for biological assay\n## Discrepancies between frog and cat methods\n## Human-based assay principle and procedure","[{\"question\":\"Why are chemical methods considered insufficient for digitalis standardization?\",\"answer\":\"Because there are no satisfactory chemical methods for determining digitalis glycosides.\"},{\"question\":\"What do discrepancies between animal bioassays imply for human potency?\",\"answer\":\"Results from different animal methods vary in ways that do not reliably indicate therapeutic potency in humans, so standardization based on animal outcomes may mislead.\"},{\"question\":\"How is digitalis potency assessed in humans in the described method?\",\"answer\":\"By establishing each individual’s response to graded doses of a standard preparation, allowing sufficient elimination time, and then administering the unknown preparation. Effects are measured using electrocardiogram changes, especially T-wave comparisons, along with clinical and toxic responses.\"}]","DIGITALIS - Bioassay and Standardization in Humans | PDF",1790679021,71]