[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590911-105":59,"doc-detail-590911-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","digital-versus-paper-reading-processes-and-links-to-comprehension-for-middle-school-students","Digital Versus Paper Reading Processes and Links to Comprehension for Middle School Students","","Study examines how digital versus paper reading processes influence comprehension outcomes for 371 fifth- to eighth-grade students completing a standardized-test-like reading task. Findings indicate students highlighted and annotated more when reading paper than digital text, and paper reading was slightly supportive for comprehension on the longer section. Digital highlighting and looking back on paper supported comprehension differently, while annotating, online dictionary use, and digital look-back showed no links after controlling covariates, and theory and practice implications are discussed.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/digital-versus-paper-reading-processes-and-links-to-comprehension-for-middle-school-students/590911/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/digital-versus-paper-reading-processes-and-links-to-comprehension-for-middle-school-students/590911.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does paper reading affect highlighting and annotation compared with digital reading?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Students highlighted and annotated more when reading the paper than when reading the digital text.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Does reading on paper or digitally improve comprehension?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Paper reading was slightly supportive of reading comprehension for the longer section of text, though the relationship varied by behavior and text context.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which digital behaviors were linked to comprehension after controlling for other factors?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Digital highlighting and looking back at the paper text were supportive of reading comprehension, while paper highlighting showed a negative relationship and several other behaviors did not link to comprehension after covariate control.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590911,1792231567,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","American Educational Research Journal August 2020, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 1837–1867 DOI: 10.3102/0002831219890300  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)  \n􀀂 2019 AERA. [http://aerj](http://aerj).[aera.net](aera.net)  \nDigital Versus Paper Reading Processes and Links to Comprehension for Middle School Students  \nAmanda P. Goodwin  \nSun-Joo Cho  \nVanderbilt University  \nDan Reynolds  \nJohn Carroll University  \nKatherine Brady  \nJorge Salas  \nVanderbilt University  \nThis study explores digital and paper reading processes and outcomes for 371 fifth to eighth graders completing a reading task similar to standardized testing. Results showed students highlighted and annotated more when reading the paper versus digital text. Also, reading on paper versus digitally was slightly supportive of reading comprehension for the longer section of text. For behaviors, digital highlighting and looking back at the paper text were  \nAMANDA P. GOODWIN, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Teaching and Learning at Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; e-mail: [amanda.goodwin@vanderbilt.edu](amanda.goodwin@vanderbilt.edu. Her)[. Her](amanda.goodwin@vanderbilt.edu. Her) research focuses on language and literacy experiences for upper elementary and middle school students.  \nSUN-JOO CHO, PhD, is an associate professor of quantitative methods in the Department of Psychology and Human Development at Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College. Her primary research interests include generalized latent variable modeling and parameter estimation, with a focus on item response modeling.  \nDAN REYNOLDS, PhD, is an assistant professor of literacy education at John Carroll University. His research focuses on how designed instruction and interactional scaffolding can support adolescent readers reading of complex texts.  \nKATHERINE BRADY, PhD, is a former graduate student in the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Vanderbilt University. She studies tools for automatically interpreting fine grained reading behaviors through video recordings. Her background is in artificial intelligence with a focus on digital educational technologies.  \nJORGE SALAS, PhD, is a research associate at Vanderbilt University where he earned his PhD is physics. He has experience in scientific computing, simulations, and data analysis.  \nGoodwin et al.  \nsupportive of reading comprehension, whereas paper highlighting was negatively related, likely because paper highlighting tended to occur often outside of important areas of the text. Paper and digital annotating, online dictionary use, and digital look-back did not link to comprehension, when controlling for other covariates. Links to theory, research, and practice are discussed.  \nKEYWORDS: digital reading, reading comprehension, reading behaviors, highlighting  \nThe  \non  \nrapid expansion of digital reading has exceeded the speed of research its effects. To date, the digital transition has occurred without under-  \nstanding of the differences between how digital and traditional texts are read. As Lankshear and Knobel (2013) note, ‘‘Traditional assumptions about what it means to read and write and how meanings are communicated have been disrupted and displaced’’ (p. 5) . With 80% of United States eighth graders reporting using computers daily for schoolwork (KewalRamaniet al., 2018), this move toward digital reading requires research on whether and how digital texts, and the reading behaviors used with such texts, affect reading comprehension (Biancarosa & Griffiths, 2012; Larson, 2009; Leu, Kinzer, Coiro, Castek, & Henry, 2013; Zipke, 2013) . This research is particularly needed now because of emerging evidence about the potential negative effects of digital reading when compared with paper reading. In the past 2 years, one systematic review found benefits for paper reading over digital reading on l","cbCaieLbcZT7kHAJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieLbcZT7kHAJ","pdf",368291,31,"English","# Digital vs. paper reading comparison\n## Reading processes and annotation behaviors\n## Comprehension outcomes for different text lengths\n## Links to theory, research, and practice","[{\"question\":\"How does paper reading affect highlighting and annotation compared with digital reading?\",\"answer\":\"Students highlighted and annotated more when reading the paper than when reading the digital text.\"},{\"question\":\"Does reading on paper or digitally improve comprehension?\",\"answer\":\"Paper reading was slightly supportive of reading comprehension for the longer section of text, though the relationship varied by behavior and text context.\"},{\"question\":\"Which digital behaviors were linked to comprehension after controlling for other factors?\",\"answer\":\"Digital highlighting and looking back at the paper text were supportive of reading comprehension, while paper highlighting showed a negative relationship and several other behaviors did not link to comprehension after covariate control.\"}]","Digital Versus Paper Reading Processes and Links to Comprehension for Middle School Students | PDF",1792070711,78]