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It traces shifting connotations that blend criminality and creativity, then contrasts popular stereotypes of hackers as solitary, politically naive lone wolves with evidence of social communities such as cons and developer gatherings. The chapter also interrogates recurring claims about hacker libertarianism by identifying factors that make such associations persistent.",{"@graph":69,"@context":114},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/digital-keywords-a-vocabulary-of-information-society-and-culture-hacker/493339/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/digital-keywords-a-vocabulary-of-information-society-and-culture-hacker/493339.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-01",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What misconceptions about hackers does the chapter challenge?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It challenges the idea that hackers are primarily asocial lone wolves and questions broad claims that hacker politics are uniformly libertarian, showing how such associations persist despite counterevidence.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":116,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":118,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":120,"site_id":62},493339,1791357376,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":123},{"doc_id":120,"user_id":124,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":125,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":126,"file_id":127,"file_url":128,"file_type":129,"file_size":130,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":131,"language":132,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":133,"faqs":134,"seo_title":135,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":136,"read_time":137},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Digital Keywords  \nA Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture  \nEdited by  \nBenjamin Peters  \nPrinceton University Press  \nPrinceton and Oxford  \nContents  \nAcknowledgments xi Introduction Benjamin Peters xiii  \n1 Activism  \nGuobin Yang 1  \n2 Algorithm  \nTarleton Gillespie 18  \n3 Analog  \nJonathan Sterne 31  \n4 Archive  \nKatherine D. Harris 45  \n5 Cloud  \nJohn Durham Peters 54  \n6 Community  \nRosemary Avance 63  \n7 Culture  \nTed Striphas 70  \n8 Democracy  \nRasmus Kleis Nielsen 81  \n9 Digital  \nBenjamin Peters 93  \n10 Event  \nJulia Sonnevend 109  \n11 Flow  \nSandra Braman 118  \nx Contents  \n12 Forum  \nHope Forsyth 132  \n13 Gaming  \nSaugata Bhaduri 140  \n14 Geek  \nChristina Dunbar-Hester 149  \n15 Hacker  \nGabriella Coleman 158  \n16 Information  \nBernard Geoghegan 173  \n17 Internet  \nThomas Streeter 184  \n18 Meme  \nLimor Shifman 197  \n19 Memory  \nSteven Schrag 206  \n20 Mirror  \nAdam Fish 217  \n21 Participation  \nChristopher Kelty 227  \n22 Personalization  \nStephanie Ricker Schulte 242  \n23 Prototype  \nFred Turner 256  \n24 Sharing  \nNicholas A. John 269  \n25 Surrogate  \nJeffrey Drouin 278  \nAppendix: Over Two Hundred Digital Keywords 287 About the Contributors 291  \nIndex 297  \n15  \nHacker  \nGabriella Coleman  \nIn the 1950s a small group of MIT-based computer enthusiasts,many of them model train builders/tinkerers, adopted the term hacker to differentiate their freewheeling attitude from those of their peers. While most MIT engineers relied on convention to deliver proven results, hackers courted contingency, disregarding norms or rules they thought likely to stifle creative invention. These hackers, like the engineers they distinguished themselves from, were primarily students, but a handful of outsiders, some of them preteens, were also deemed to possess the desire and intellectual chops required to hack and were adopted into the informal club; in the eyes of this group, hackers repurposed tools in the service of beauty and utility, while those students “who insisted on studying for courses”were considered “tools”themselves (Levy 1984, 10) .  \nSince this coinage sixty years ago, the range of activity wedded to the term hacking has expanded exponentially. Bloggers share tips about “life hacks” (tricks for managing time or overcoming the challenges of everyday life); corporations, governments, and NGOs host “hackathon” coding sprints (Gregg and DiSalvo 2013; Irani 2015); and the “hacktivist,” once a marginal political actor, now stands at the center of geopolitical life (Jordan and Taylor 2004; Beyer 2014; Sauter 2014; Coleman 2014).  \nSince the early 1980s, the hacker archetype has also become a staple of our mass media diet. Rarely does a day pass without an article detailing an enormous security breach at the hands of shadowy hackers, who have ransacked corporate servers to pilfer personal and lucrative data. Alongside these newspaper headlines, hackers often feature prominently in popular film, magazines, literature, and TV (Alper 2014; Schulte 2013).  \nHacker 159  \nDespite this pervasiveness, academic books on the subject of hacking are scant. To date the most substantive historical accounts have been penned by journalists (Levy 1984; Sterling 1992; Lapsley 2013; Greenberg 2012), while academics have written a handful of sociological, anthropological, and philosophical books—typically with a media studies orientation (Thomas 2002; Wark 2004; Kelty 2008; Coleman 2013, 2014). Surveying the popular, journalistic, and academic material on hackers, one discovers that few words in the English language evoke such a bundle of simultaneously negative and positive—even sexy—connotations: mysterious, criminal, impulsive, brilliant, chauvinistic, white knight, digital Robin Hood, young, white, male, politically naive, libertarian, wizardly, entitled, brilliant, skilled, mystical, monastic, creepy, creative, obsessive, methodological, quirky, asocial, pathological.  \nSome of these associations carry with them a kernel of truth, especi","cbCaikTtUsEXPKtx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikTtUsEXPKtx","pdf",188621,18,"English","# Hacker\n## Origins and early usage\n## Expansion into culture and politics\n## Media portrayals and stereotypes\n## Academic debates and misconceptions","[{\"question\":\"What misconceptions about hackers does the chapter challenge?\",\"answer\":\"It challenges the idea that hackers are primarily asocial lone wolves and questions broad claims that hacker politics are uniformly libertarian, showing how such associations persist despite counterevidence.\"}]","Digital Keywords - A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture - Hacker | PDF",1790880514,28]