[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-56184-en":3,"doc-seo-56184-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},56184,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",8,"Research & Report","Digital Information Warfare Trends in Eurasia","Rapid growth of information and communications technologies enables unprecedented recording, storage, analysis, and transmission, while also allowing digitized data to be exploited, corrupted, denied, or destroyed electronically, giving rise to digital information warfare (DIW). The article analyzes politically motivated cyberattacks across Eurasia using document analysis of 86 cases from 1995 to 2011. It extends DIW research by introducing four components—division of labor, alliances, communication, and physical elements—then evaluates connections, prominence, and temporal ordering. It also identifies sustaining factors, extracts practical lessons, and proposes directions for further research.","Original Article  \nDigital information warfare trends in Eurasia  \nAunshul Rege  \nDepartment of Criminal Justice, Gladfelter Hall, 5th floor, Temple University, 1115 W. Berks Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.  \nE-mail: [rege@temple.edu](rege@temple.edu)  \nAbstract The rapid proliferation of information and communications technologies has improved the means to record and transmit information. Not surprisingly, this digitized information can be exploited, corrupted, denied or destroyed electronically, resulting in digital information warfare (DIW). This article examines politically motivated cyberattacks in Eurasia to conduct DIW trend analyses. Document analysis is conducted on 86 documents dated from 1995 to 2011. The article goes beyond traditional DIW research on criminal organization and attack complexity by adding four new DIW components: division of labor, alliances, communication and physical elements. It generates a discussion of whether any of these components are connected, more prominent or exhibits a temporal order. The article also examines several factors that sustain and promote DIW, discusses practical lessons that can be learned from DIW in Eurasia, and offers suggestions for further research.  \nSecurity Journal (2014) 27, 374–398. doi:10.1057/sj.2012.35; published online 3 September 2012 Keywords: cybercrime; information warfare; critical infrastructure; criminal networks; terrorism  \nIntroduction  \nWe live in a society that heavily relies on information for its political, economic and social welfare. The term ‘information’ in the context of this article includes any data that allows governments and nation states to engage in the general functionalities of identification, categorization, decision making and action execution. Thus, a society’s daily operations depend on this information, and its misuse by an adversary can have detrimental consequences. Information warfare (IW) involves the exploitation, corruption, denial, destruction, unauthorized collection or protection of information to achieve advantage over an adversary (Libicki, 1995; Haeni, 1997; [Iwar.org.uk](Iwar.org.uk), 2003; Taylor et al, 2006). The goal of IW is to create loss of integrity, availability and confidentiality: integrity is lost if unauthorized changes are made to sensitive data; (un)availability is an issue if information is rendered inoperable to its end-users; and confidentiality is lost when information is not protected from unauthorized disclosure (DCSINT, 2006) .  \nIW manifests itself in five ways (Libicki, 1995; Taylor et al, 2006). First, it is psychological in nature, where information is used to affect the opponent’s state of mind. Commandand-control warfare involves misleading the opponent about military capabilities and/or manipulating the adversary’s command structure. IW also occurs in the form of physical  \n© 2014 Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 0955–1662 Security Journal Vol. 27, 4, 374–398  \n[www.palgrave-journals.com/sj/](www.palgrave-journals.com/sj/)  \ndestruction, where information systems are physically attacked. Security measures are the fourth form of IW, and include protection measures for information systems to prevent ordeflect adversarial threats. These four manifestations illustrate that IW is not a new strategy and is technology independent.  \nThe rapid proliferation of information and communications technologies (ICTs) improves the means to collect, store, analyze and transmit data, providing access to information unprecedented in quantity and quality. Information systems can now be exploited, corrupted, denied or destroyed through technological means, resulting in digital information warfare (DIW), which is the fifth manifestation of IW and the focus of this article (Libicki, 1995; Alberts, 1996; Taylor et al, 2006) .  \nDIW is particularly relevant when critical infrastructures are concerned. Critical infrastructures include those systems and assets, which are vital to a nation’s everyday functioning and security","cbCaiepvazwzNOxH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiepvazwzNOxH","pdf",144372,1,25,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Information warfare concepts and objectives\n## Manifestations of information warfare\n## Emergence of digital information warfare (DIW)\n## DIW relevance to critical infrastructure\n## DIW incidence reporting and impact\n## Purpose and research scope in Eurasia","[{\"question\":\"What distinguishes digital information warfare (DIW) from broader information warfare?\",\"answer\":\"DIW is the technology-enabled form of information warfare where information systems can be exploited, corrupted, denied, or destroyed electronically. It is presented as the fifth manifestation of information warfare and the article’s main focus.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is Eurasia considered an ideal setting for studying DIW trends?\",\"answer\":\"Eurasia is described as ideal due to two traits: diversity and continuum. Diversity is reflected in attacks against multiple infrastructure types and varied attack methods, while continuum is reflected in attack duration, frequency patterns, and differences in intensity and consequences.\"},{\"question\":\"Which four new DIW components does the article add beyond traditional DIW research?\",\"answer\":\"The article adds division of labor, alliances, communication, and physical elements. It then discusses whether these components are connected, which ones are more prominent, and whether they follow a temporal order.\"}]",1783718756,63,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"digital-information-warfare-trends-in-eurasia","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/digital-information-warfare-trends-in-eurasia/56184/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-10",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What distinguishes digital information warfare (DIW) from broader information warfare?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"DIW is the technology-enabled form of information warfare where information systems can be exploited, corrupted, denied, or destroyed electronically. 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