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Results show significant within-group progress, but no statistically significant between-group difference. Interview feedback highlights efficiency, accessibility, and engagement. Both formats support intentional vocabulary learning; integrating digital flashcards is recommended.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/digital-flashcards-vs-paper-based-cards-for-phrasal-verbs-mastery/393934/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/digital-flashcards-vs-paper-based-cards-for-phrasal-verbs-mastery/393934.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Theodore","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-26",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the main purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To examine the impact of digital flashcards versus paper-based flashcards on EFL students’ vocabulary development, particularly phrasal verb learning.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were participants assigned and how was learning measured?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Forty-four A2-level students were randomly divided into experimental (digital) and control (paper) groups, completing pre- and post-tests; interviews were conducted with five experimental participants.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What do the results show about the two flashcard formats?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Both methods produced vocabulary gains, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups; experimental participants reported positive attitudes toward digital flashcards.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},393934,1790638217,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,95,100,105,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":33,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":108,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","| Digital Flashcards vs. Paper-Based Cards for Phrasal Verbs Mastery\u003Cbr>Ece Sağlık Civanera *\u003Cbr>a İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Türkiye; [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9027-5555](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9027-5555)\u003Cbr>Suggested citation: Sağlık Civaner, E. (2026). Digital Flashcards vs. Paper-Based Cards for Phrasal Verbs Mastery. Language Education and Technology (LET Journal), 6(1), 69–84. |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Article Info | Abstract |\n| Date submitted: 01/04/2026\u003Cbr>Date accepted: 10/06/2026\u003Cbr>Date published: 15/06/2026 | This research aims to investigate the impact of digital flashcards versus traditional paperbased flashcards on the vocabulary development of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, with a particular focus on learning phrasal verbs. The study was conducted with 44 A2 level students from a Turkish state university's prep school, who were randomly divided into experimental (digital flashcards) and control (paper-based flashcards) groups. Both groups took pre and post-tests, and qualitative interviews were conducted with five participants from experimental group to explore their attitudes towards digital flashcards. The research findings indicate that although the experimental group showed significant progress, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The interviews revealed positive attitudes towards digital flashcards, highlighting their efficiency, accessibility, and engagement. Overall, both methods proved effective, indicating that intentional vocabulary learning through flashcards contributes to vocabulary development regardless of the format. The study recommends incorporating digital flashcards into language education for their advantages, including ease of access and engagement. |\n| Research Article | Keywords: Intentional Vocabulary Teaching, Digital Flashcards, Phrasal Verbs |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>The acquisition of vocabulary is essential for the mastery of four language skills. In the absence of sufficient vocabulary, individuals learning a second language would be incapable of participating in activities designed to strengthen their language abilities, such as reading, writing, and grammar exercises (BuenoAlastuey & Nemeth,2020) .\u003Cbr>It is widely agreed that the ability to acquire a language is greatly dependent on achieving mastery of its vocabulary (Webb &Nation, 2017) and a significant obstacle for students is the acquisition of new vocabulary (Schmitt, 2008) . Acquiring new words is a challenge, and acquiring phrasal verbs—verbs and particles with grammatical functions—becomes considerably more difficult (Mahdavi & Bagheri, 2014) . Moreover, Bronshteyn and Gustafson (2015) pointed out that phrasal verbs indicate unpredictability due to their potential to convey literal, aspectual, or idiomatic interpretations. |  |\n\n* Corresponding author. School of Foreign Languages, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Türkiye. e-mail adress: [ecesaglik@iuc.edu.tr](ecesaglik@iuc.edu.tr)  \nBoth learners and teachers frequently struggle to determine the most effective method for learning vocabulary. Teachers implement a range of instructional strategies to help second language learners increase their vocabulary, including the use of dictionaries, visual aids like photos or actual objects, games, songs, and flashcards. Aisyiah (2017) asserted that the application of effective strategies is necessary for learning or teaching words.  \nSince the technology is an integral part of our lives, it provides extra opportunities for teachers to be used in the classroom because of the widespread use of mobile applications through mobile devices. Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) describes the use of mobile devices to deliver learning to students at any time and from any location (Ilic, 2015) . MALL serves as a major source of language instruction for students, and it also helps students retain newly acquired abilities and makes it possible for them to use those skills anytime the","cbCairLDlrrpwPo5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairLDlrrpwPo5","pdf",915617,16,"English","# Introduction\n# Literature Review\n## The Importance of Types of Vocabulary Learning\n# Research Article","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To examine the impact of digital flashcards versus paper-based flashcards on EFL students’ vocabulary development, particularly phrasal verb learning.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants assigned and how was learning measured?\",\"answer\":\"Forty-four A2-level students were randomly divided into experimental (digital) and control (paper) groups, completing pre- and post-tests; interviews were conducted with five experimental participants.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about the two flashcard formats?\",\"answer\":\"Both methods produced vocabulary gains, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups; experimental participants reported positive attitudes toward digital flashcards.\"}]","Digital Flashcards vs. Paper-Based Cards for Phrasal Verbs Mastery | PDF",1790396421]