[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-56183-en":3,"doc-seo-56183-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},56183,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",8,"Research & Report","Digital Activism, Internet Control, Transparency, Censorship, Surveillance and Human Rights","The chapter analyzes how the OpenNet Initiative structures a worldwide assessment of digital liberties, focusing on censorship, surveillance, and restrictions. It frames a regional survey strategy, then highlights Asia as a highly problematic area where rapid technological diffusion coincides with intensified control. It outlines countries relying heavily on pervasive Internet filtering for political and cultural content, identifies common target categories, and contrasts Singapore’s information-hub approach with strict broadcasting censorship and state monitoring capacity.","Chapter 6  \nDigital Activism, Internet Control, Transparency, Censorship, Surveillance and Human Rights: An International Perspective  \n6.1 An Introductory Overview  \n6.1.1 The Global OpenNet Initiative Analysis  \nThe OpenNet Initiative (ONI)1 has sought to provide a preliminary study (Regional Overviews), based on macro-regions and continent,2 in order to create a comprehensive, worldwide assessment of the levels of censorship, surveillance and restrictions of digital liberties. The study, after a preliminary introduction, goes on to provide a first, interesting analysis of the development of digital liberties in individual countries.  \nIt therefore seems appropriate, before commencing with a fairly in-depth exploration and analysis of the legislation, the technological landscapes and the political frameworks of a number of “key” countries (in terms of human rights and digital freedoms issues) to briefly summarize the status of digital freedoms in all the regions of the world based on the series of studies conducted by this active organization.  \nThe first geographical area that is described in the ONI Report is that currently considered to be the most problematic: Asia. Many nations, in Asia, have seen spectacular diffusion of the use of technology, which has, in numerous areas, rapidly lead to significant increases in the rate of local economic growth as well.3  \n1 See the official web site at [http://opennet.net/. Accessed](http://opennet.net/. Accessed) 19 November 2011.  \n2 See the full text of the Report at [http://opennet.net/research/regions. Accessed](http://opennet.net/research/regions. Accessed) 15 November  \n2011. The authors of the Report write, on the ONI web site: “The eight regional overviews provide broad summaries that exhibit the ways in which the countries within each region are grappling with the implications of Internet freedom and the challenges of regulating online content. These overviews include background research and, when applicable, synthesize the findings of technical tests carried out in these regions”(emphasis mine) .  \n3 See Asiatic Internet usage and population statistics (updated for June 30, 2011), at [http://www](http://www). [internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm. Accessed](internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm. Accessed) 26 November 2011. According to these statistics, Asia (with a population, in 2011, of 3,879,740,877) has an Internet penetration rate of 24%(932,393,209 Internet users, and 152,957,480 Facebook subscribers) and has the 56% of the  \nG. Ziccardi, Resistance, Liberation Technology and Human Rights 187  \nin the Digital Age, Law, Governance and Technology Series 7, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5276-4_ 6, © Springer Netherlands 2013  \n188 6 Digital Activism, Internet Control, Transparency, Censorship, Surveillance…  \nChina,4 Burma5 and Vietnam6 are, according to the ONI Report, the three countries relying most significantly on pervasive Internet filtering practices, targeting political and cultural content. Four most frequent targets are:  \n1. sites hosting articles in local languages;  \n2. sites and articles relating to human rights coverage;  \n3. independent news sources; and  \n4. topics such as discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities and activists.  \nSingapore,7 on the other hand, is more concerned with blocking sites considered to be pornographic or featuring adult content.  \nWith regard to the Internet and political control in Singapore, an enlightening essay by Rodan clearly indicates that Singapore poses a fascinating case-study. As the author explains (emphasis mine):  \nHere we have one of the most comprehensive strategies for the development of IT anywhere in the world, supported by huge state-led infrastructure investments. Indeed, Singapore’s policy makers are committed to the transformation of the island economy into an information hub, trading in ideas rather than commodities. Yet Singapore’s authoritarian leaders have no intention of surrendering political control in t","cbCaiv7C5j9dSsQR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv7C5j9dSsQR","pdf",925958,1,121,"English","en",105,"# An Introductory Overview\n## The Global OpenNet Initiative Analysis\n## Internet Filtering in Asia and Country-Specific Patterns\n## Singapore’s Political Control and Monitoring Capacity","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the OpenNet Initiative analysis described in this chapter?\",\"answer\":\"It provides a preliminary, worldwide assessment of censorship, surveillance, and restrictions affecting digital liberties, then examines how digital freedoms evolve across individual countries.\"},{\"question\":\"Which region is identified as most problematic in the ONI report discussion here?\",\"answer\":\"Asia is presented as the first and most problematic geographical area in the ONI report’s regional overview.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of online content are most frequently targeted by pervasive Internet filtering in the discussed countries?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter lists targets including sites hosting articles in local languages, content related to human rights coverage, independent news sources, and topics involving discrimination against ethnic or religious minorities and 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