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This cross-sectional mixed-methods study analyzed 3168 U.S. adults with lifetime psychedelic use, assessing psychedelic-related difficulties and their links to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Most participants reported no difficulties, while post-acute issues were mainly anxiety, negative self-concept changes, and social disconnection, with higher ACE counts predicting elevated odds of persistent effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/difficulties-following-naturalistic-psychedelic-use-and-associations-with-adverse-childhood-experiences/418671/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/difficulties-following-naturalistic-psychedelic-use-and-associations-with-adverse-childhood-experiences/418671.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maya Linwood","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What difficulties can follow naturalistic psychedelic use according to the study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study describes difficulties that can impair social and occupational functioning, including general anxiety, negative changes in self-concept, and social disconnection.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How was the study conducted and who were the participants?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It was a cross-sectional mixed-methods study of U.S. adults with lifetime psychedelic use (n = 3168). Participants were assessed for the prevalence, duration, and nature of psychedelic-related difficulties.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to psychedelic-related difficulties?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Higher ACE counts were associated with increased odds of psychedelic-related difficulties. The models showed stronger associations with 2 ACEs, 3 ACEs, and 4 or more ACEs compared with 0 ACEs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},418671,1791385300,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962084928432,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Author Manuscr ipt Author Manuscr ipt Author Manuscr ipt Author Manuscript  \n\n| | HHS Public Access\u003Cbr>Author manuscript\u003Cbr>Int J Drug Policy. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2026 January 03. |\n| --- | --- |\n\nPublished in final edited form as:  \nInt J Drug Policy. 2026 February ; 148: 105105. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105105 .  \nDifficulties following naturalistic psychedelic use and associations with adverse childhood experiences  \nMichelle Olofssona,b, Walter Osikac, Simon B. Goldbergd,e, Peter S. Hendricksf, Predrag Petrovica, Tonya Whiteb, Cecilia U. D. Stenforsg, Sankalp Chaturvedih, Otto Simonssonc,e,* a Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden  \nbSection on Social and Cognitive Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA  \nc Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden  \ndDepartment of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA eCenter for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USAfDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States  \ng Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden  \nh Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Imperial College London, London, UK  \nAbstract  \nThis is an open access article under the CC BY license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).  \n*Corresponding author at: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171  \n65 Solna, [Sweden. otto.simonsson@ki.se](Sweden. otto.simonsson@ki.se) (O. Simonsson).  \nCRediT authorship contribution statement  \nMichelle Olofsson: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis. Walter Osika: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis. Simon B. Goldberg: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Peter S. Hendricks: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Predrag Petrovic: Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Tonya White: Writing – review & editing,  \nSupervision. Cecilia U.D. Stenfors: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. Sankalp Chaturvedi: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. Otto Simonsson: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Resources, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Data curation, Conceptualization.  \nDeclaration of competing interest  \nOtto Simonsson was a cofounder ofEudelics AB. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Eleusis Benefit Corporation that includes: paid expert testimony. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Journey Colab Corporation that includes: paid expert testimony. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Reset Pharmaceuticals Inc. that includes: paid expert testimony. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Silo Pharma that includes: paid expert testimony. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Bright Minds Biosciences Ltd. that includes: paid expert testimony. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Beckley Psytech that includes: equity or stocks. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Equulus Therapeutics that includes: equity or stocks. Peter S. Hendricks reports a relationship with Mycelial Health that includes: equity or stocks. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.  \nEthics approval and consent to participate  \nThis study was determined to be exempt from review by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. All procedures followed the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration as well as the General Data Protection Regulation ","cbCaidjh7ksDC91t","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidjh7ksDC91t","pdf",534636,27,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What difficulties can follow naturalistic psychedelic use according to the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study describes difficulties that can impair social and occupational functioning, including general anxiety, negative changes in self-concept, and social disconnection.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the study conducted and who were the participants?\",\"answer\":\"It was a cross-sectional mixed-methods study of U.S. adults with lifetime psychedelic use (n = 3168). Participants were assessed for the prevalence, duration, and nature of psychedelic-related difficulties.\"},{\"question\":\"How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to psychedelic-related difficulties?\",\"answer\":\"Higher ACE counts were associated with increased odds of psychedelic-related difficulties. The models showed stronger associations with 2 ACEs, 3 ACEs, and 4 or more ACEs compared with 0 ACEs.\"}]","Difficulties following naturalistic psychedelic use and associations with adverse childhood experiences | PDF",1790613900,68]