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Differential item functioning (DIF) methods are applied to test whether item responses advantage any subgroup. Children are matched on overall ability estimates using Rasch modeling, and DIF is assessed via DIF contrast statistics, Rasch–Welch t tests, and Mantel–Haenszel χ² statistics. DIF magnitude is classified using specified criteria to distinguish negligible, intermediate, or large effects related to language fairness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/differences-in-performance-between-children-using-the-english-and-spanish-versions-of-the-ignite-educational-gaming-system-may-2023/582900/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/differences-in-performance-between-children-using-the-english-and-spanish-versions-of-the-ignite-educational-gaming-system-may-2023/582900.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rhys","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study’s main purpose regarding the Ignite games?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study tests whether children show performance differences when engaging with the Ignite educational gaming system using English-language versus Spanish-language versions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are researchers evaluate potential subgroup advantage?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They use differential item functioning (DIF) methods, which help determine whether the response process advantages any particular subgroup.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What statistical procedures are used to test for DIF?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study uses DIF contrast statistics, Rasch–Welch t tests, and Mantel–Haenszel χ² statistics with an alpha level of .05, along with DIF magnitude criteria based on the DIF contrast.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},582900,1792210752,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","| CEMETR-2023-01 MAY 2023 | CEME\u003Cbr>Technical Report |\n| --- | --- |\n|  |  |\n| The Center for | Educational Measurement and Evaluation |\n| A PUBLICATION OF THE CENTER FOR EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION | Differences in Performance Between Children Using the English and Spanish Versions of the Ignite by Hatch™ Educational Gaming System\u003Cbr>May, 2023\u003Cbr>|\n\nDifferences in Performance Between Children Using the English and Spanish Versions of the Ignite  \nby Hatch™ Educational Gaming System  \nRichard G. Lambert, PhD, EdS  \nCenter for Educational Measurement and Evaluation  \nUniversity of North Carolina at Charlotte  \nMay 2023  \nThis study sought to investigate whether there were performance differences between the children who engaged with the Ignite by Hatch™ educational gaming system using the English-or Spanish-language versions of the games. Differential item functioning methods (DIF) were employed to investigate these differences. Specifically, DIF analyses can address these issues by providing evidence that the response process does not advantage any particular subgroup of children. DIF analyses can separate performance differences on specific games from individual differences in child ability. Focal and reference categories of children are identified to investigate DIF. We examined the focal group (Spanish) to gather evidence to demonstrate that the games are fair to the members of that particular subgroup. The reference group is typically the majority group (English), and the presumption is that the games are generally fair for the children in that group.  \nWe compared the focal and reference groups by examining their performance in the games after first matching them on their overall ability estimates. Children are, therefore, matched based on the estimated quantity of the ability or developmental level that they are presumed to possess (Walker, 2011) . In a Rasch modeling context, DIF can be thought of as differences between members of the focal and reference groups in the conditional probability of a particular response to the games. Evidence of DIF can lead to further investigation of game content, game interpretation by the children, language and translation issues, and even potential game bias. However, it is important to distinguish game bias from game impact. Game impact in the context of this study  \nrefers to true score differences between subgroups of children in their average performance on the games. Game bias in the context of this study means differences between subgroups of children related to construct-irrelevant sources of variance that can lead to inaccurate interpretations of the information that the games can provide. One possible source of construct-irrelevant variance could be the fairness of the content of the games, particularly related to the language of the games (English or Spanish) .  \nMethods  \nAll analyses were confined to the games designed for Levels 1 through 5 within the Ignite educational gaming system. First, the Rasch model, as operationalized through the Winsteps software (Version [4.6.2.1](4.6.2.1); Linacre, 2020), was used to estimate game difficulty. A separate Rasch analysis was conducted for each of the seven domains of development and learning. Next, the differences between estimated game difficulty for the English and Spanish groups were examined. The following procedures were used to test for the presence of DIF and to examine the magnitude of DIF. The DIF contrast statistic, which is the difference between the paired Rasch item difficulty estimates for each item, was calculated as the simple difference between the item difficulty estimates for the focal and reference groups. Next, Rasch–Welch t tests were examined for statistical significance. These statistics report whether item difficulty estimates for the two groups, across each DIF analysis by game language, are the same except for measurement error. These tests evaluate a null hypothesis that the DIF contrast valu","cbCaifoLuckD2RLW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifoLuckD2RLW","pdf",1492824,36,"English","# Differences in Performance Between Children Using the English and Spanish Versions of the Ignite by Hatch Educational Gaming System\n## Methods","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s main purpose regarding the Ignite games?\",\"answer\":\"The study tests whether children show performance differences when engaging with the Ignite educational gaming system using English-language versus Spanish-language versions.\"},{\"question\":\"How are researchers evaluate potential subgroup advantage?\",\"answer\":\"They use differential item functioning (DIF) methods, which help determine whether the response process advantages any particular subgroup.\"},{\"question\":\"What statistical procedures are used to test for DIF?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses DIF contrast statistics, Rasch–Welch t tests, and Mantel–Haenszel χ² statistics with an alpha level of .05, along with DIF magnitude criteria based on the DIF contrast.\"}]","Differences in Performance Between Children Using the English and Spanish Versions of the Ignite - Educational Gaming System - May 2023 | PDF",1792044903,91]