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This review integrates evidence and clinical guidelines to support dietary management, including macronutrient distribution (carbohydrates, protein, fats), micronutrient control (potassium, phosphorus, sodium), and appropriate fluid intake. It assesses culturally adapted strategies for Gulf Cooperation Council populations, where refined carbohydrates and high sodium intake are common. Practical guidance also addresses Ramadan fasting and electrolyte management.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dietary-management-of-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-and-chronic-kidney-disease-a-comprehensive-literature-review/406790/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dietary-management-of-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-and-chronic-kidney-disease-a-comprehensive-literature-review/406790.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is dietary management important for patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Their coexistence increases risks of end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular complications. Nutritional management helps slow disease progression and improve clinical outcomes by addressing metabolic and nutritional needs as CKD advances.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which dietary components does the review focus on for managing these comorbidities?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review emphasizes macronutrients—carbohydrates, protein, and fats—and micronutrients including potassium, phosphorus, and sodium, along with fluid intake decisions.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What adaptations are recommended for Gulf Cooperation Council populations and during Ramadan fasting?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review highlights culturally adapted strategies for GCC countries, including meal pattern adjustments for glycemic control and appropriate fat selection. 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This review synthesizes current evidence and clinical guidelines to inform dietary management, focusing on macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats), micronutrients (potassium, phosphorus, sodium), and fluid intake. We evaluate culturally adapted strategies for the gulf cooperation council countries, where high rates of T2DM and CKD coincide with dietary practices high in refined carbohydrates and sodium. Key interventions include plant-based protein prioritization, glycemic control through carbohydrate moderation, and hearthealthy fats. Practical considerations for Ramadan fasting and electrolyte management are also discussed.  \nKey Words: Medical nutrition therapy; Diabetes; Chronic kidney disease; Middle East and North Africa region; Cultural adaptation  \n©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJN  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 25, 2025  Volume 14  Issue 4   \nAlShammari A et al. Dietary intervention in diabetes with CKD  \nCore Tip: Effective management of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Middle East and North Africa region requires culturally sensitive, evidence-based strategies. Protein intake should be tailored to 0.8–1.3 g/kg/day, emphasizing plant-based sources like legumes and soy to reduce kidney stress. Glycemic control focuses on reducing refined carbohydrates, choosing low-glycemic, high-fiber foods, and sequencing meals with carbohydrates consumed last. Hearthealthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, and fatty fish should replace saturated and trans fats to lower cardiovascular risk. Electrolyte and fluid management includes limiting sodium to less than ~~2 g~~ per day, restricting potassium and phosphorus from processed sources, and adjusting fluid intake based on CKD stage. Cultural adaptations are key, allowing for traditional foods like hummus and whole grains within Mediterranean or dietary approach to stop hypertension diet patterns. During Ramadan, care plans should be personalized with attention to hydration and medication adjustments to ensure safe fasting practices.  \nCitation: AlShammari A, AlSahow A. Dietary management of patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: A comprehensive literature review. World JNephrol 2025; 14(4): 109875  \nURL: [https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i4/109875.htm](https://www.wjgnet.com/22","cbCaidcjCo6ntaxK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidcjCo6ntaxK","pdf",622100,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Core Tip\n# Introduction\n# Literature Search\n# Dietary Management Overview\n## Macronutrients and Micronutrients\n## Fluid and Electrolyte Management\n## Ramadan Fasting Considerations","[{\"question\":\"Why is dietary management important for patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease?\",\"answer\":\"Their coexistence increases risks of end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular complications. Nutritional management helps slow disease progression and improve clinical outcomes by addressing metabolic and nutritional needs as CKD advances.\"},{\"question\":\"Which dietary components does the review focus on for managing these comorbidities?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes macronutrients—carbohydrates, protein, and fats—and micronutrients including potassium, phosphorus, and sodium, along with fluid intake decisions.\"},{\"question\":\"What adaptations are recommended for Gulf Cooperation Council populations and during Ramadan fasting?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights culturally adapted strategies for GCC countries, including meal pattern adjustments for glycemic control and appropriate fat selection. For Ramadan, care plans should be individualized with attention to hydration and medication adjustments to support safe fasting.\"}]","Dietary management of patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease - A comprehensive literature review | PDF",1790567855,33]