[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-493095-105":59,"doc-detail-493095-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","dialects-of-english-indian-english","Dialects of English - Indian English","","Dialects of English: Indian English describes English as spoken and used across India, emphasizing pan-Indian linguistic features while addressing regional differences where relevant. The book classifies Indian English into standard, non-standard, and informal varieties and concentrates on the common traits documented throughout the country. It develops core analyses across phonetics and phonology, morphosyntax, lexis and discourse, and includes a chapter on history and ongoing changes in progress, supported by sample texts and an annotated bibliography.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dialects-of-english-indian-english/493095/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dialects-of-english-indian-english/493095.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley West","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-10-01",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What scope and focus does the book take for Indian English?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The volume describes English as spoken and used in India, focusing mostly on pan-Indian features. Regional differences are addressed only where relevant, and coverage prioritizes the more important or common traits documented across the country.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the book categorize Indian English?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Indian English is classified as standard, non-standard, and informal. These varieties form the core of the analysis while the book also attempts to cover standard Indian English as fully as possible.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major language areas does the book analyze?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The book examines phonetics and phonology, morphosyntax, and lexis and discourse. It also includes a chapter on history and changes in progress and provides sample texts and an annotated bibliography.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},493095,1791284730,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Dialects of english  \nIndIan EnglIsh  \nPingali sailaja  \nIndian English  \nDialects of English  \nSeries Editors:  \nJoan Beal (University of Sheffield)  \nPatrick Honeybone (University of Edinburgh)  \nApril McMahon (University of Edinburgh)  \nAdvisory Board:  \nLaurie Bauer (Victoria University of Wellington) Jenny Cheshire (Queen Mary, University of London) Karen Corrigan (University of Newcastle upon Tyne)  \nHeinz Giegerich (University of Edinburgh)  \nPeter L. Patrick (University of Essex)  \nPeter Trudgill (University of Fribourg, UEA, Agder UC, La Trobe University) Walt Wolfram (North Carolina State University)  \nVolumes available in the series:  \nRobert McColl Millar, Northern and Insular Scots 978 0 7486 2317 4  \nDavid Deterding, Singapore English 978 0 7486 2545 1  \nJennifer Hay, Margaret Maclagan and Elizabeth Gordon, New Zealand English 978 0 7486 2530 7  \nPingali Sailaja, Indian English 978 0 7486 2595 6  \nForthcoming titles include:  \nBridget L. Anderson, Smoky Mountain English 978 0 7486 3039 4  \nSandra Clarke, Newfoundland English 978 0 7486 2617 5  \nKaren Corrigan, Northern Irish English 978 0 7486 3429 3  \nIndian English  \nPingali Sailaja  \nEdinburgh University Press  \nTo  \nBhagavan  \n© Pingali Sailaja, 2009  \nEdinburgh University Press Ltd  \n22 George Square, Edinburgh [www.euppublishing.com](www.euppublishing.com)  \n[Typeset in 10.5/12 Janson](Typeset in 10.5/12 Janson)  \nby Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by  \nCPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne  \nA CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2594 9 (hardback)  \nISBN 978 0 7486 2595 6 (paperback)  \nThe right of Pingali Sailaja  \nto be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.  \nPublished with the support of the Edinburgh University Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund.  \nContents  \nPreface viii  \nAcknowledgements ix  \nAbbreviations, Symbols and other Notational Conventions Used x  \n1 Introduction 1  \n1.1 Geography 1  \n1.2 Demography 2  \n1.3 Official status 4  \n1.4 Domains of use 5  \n1.5 Cultural factors 6  \n1.6 ‘Indian English’ versus ‘English in India’ 13  \n2 Phonetics and Phonology 17  \n2.1 Consonant sounds 19  \n2.1.1 /r/ 19  \n2.1.2 /v/ and /w/ or /􀀂/ 20  \n2.1.3 /θ/ and /ð/ or / , h/, // 21  \n2.1.4 /t/ and /d/ or /􀀅/ and /􀀆/ 21  \n2.1.5 The other consonants 22  \n2.1.6 Non-contrastive sounds 22  \n2.2 Vowel sounds 24  \n2.2.1 The short vowels 24  \n2.2.2 The long vowels 25  \n2.2.3 Diphthongs 25  \n2.3 Other aspects of segments 26  \n2.3.1 Spelling pronunciation 26  \n2.3.2 Some specific words 27  \n2.3.3 Morphophonology 28  \n2.3.4 Simplification of consonant clusters 29  \n2.4 Suprasegmental features 29  \n2.4.1 Stress 29  \n2.4.2 Rhythm and intonation 34  \nvi INDIAN ENGLISH  \n2.4.3 Other aspects of connected speech 36  \n2.5 Variation in individual speakers 37  \n3 Morphosyntax 39  \n3.1 Indian English – British or American? 40  \n3.2 Verbs 43  \n3.2.1 Verb complements 43  \n3.2.2 Verb particles 47  \n3.2.3 The progressive 48  \n3.2.4 Tense concord (absent) 49  \n3.2.5 Auxiliary verbs 50  \n3.3 Articles 51  \n3.4 Topicalisation 53  \n3.5 only 55  \n3.6 Question formation 56  \n3.6.1 Wh-questions 56  \n3.6.2 Yes-no questions 58  \n3.6.3 Tag questions 59  \n3.7 Reduplication, reduced phrases, fused phrases 59  \n3.8 Prepositions 61  \n3.9 Idioms 61  \n3.10 Code-switching 62  \n3.11 Inflectional forms 63  \n4 Lexis and Discourse 66  \n4.1 Indian English lexis 66  \n4.1.1 British, American and Indian 66  \n4.1.2 Indian meanings 68  \n4.2 Indian influence on English 69  \n4.2.1 Assimilated items 69  \n4.2.2 Restricted items 72  \n4.3 Lexical innovations 75  \n4.3.1 Compounding 76  \n4.3.2 Hybrid constructions 80  \n4.3.3 Affixation 80  \n4.3.4 Abbreviations, clippings and acronyms 82  \n4.3.5 Redundancy 84  \n4.4 Discourse features and other strategies of  \ncommunication 85  \n4.4.1 Linkers 85  \n4.4.2 Address forms 86  \n4.4.3 Welcoming and goodbyes 87  ","cbCailZdry0zo8yt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailZdry0zo8yt","pdf",2759844,185,"English","# Contents\n## Preface\n# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 Geography\n## 1.2 Demography\n## 1.3 Official status\n## 1.4 Domains of use\n## 1.5 Cultural factors\n## 1.6 “Indian English” versus “English in India”\n# 2 Phonetics and Phonology\n## 2.1 Consonant sounds\n## 2.2 Vowel sounds\n## 2.3 Other aspects of segments\n## 2.4 Suprasegmental features\n# 3 Morphosyntax\n## 3.1 Indian English – British or American?\n## 3.2 Verbs\n## 3.3 Articles\n## 3.4 Topicalisation\n## 3.5 only\n## 3.6 Question formation\n## 3.7 Reduplication, reduced phrases, fused phrases\n## 3.8 Prepositions\n## 3.9 Idioms\n## 3.10 Code-switching\n## 3.11 Inflectional forms\n# 4 Lexis and Discourse\n## 4.1 Indian English lexis\n## 4.2 Indian influence on English\n## 4.3 Lexical innovations\n## 4.4 Discourse features and other strategies of communication\n## 4.5 Aspects of politeness\n## 4.6 Code-switching with Indian languages\n## 4.7 Style\n# 5 History and Changes in Progress\n## 5.1 History\n## 5.2 Indian English pidgins\n## 5.3 Changes in progress\n# 6 Survey of Previous Work and Annotated Bibliography\n## 6.1 Comprehensive/general works and bibliographies\n## 6.2 Phonetics and phonology\n## 6.3 Morphosyntax\n## 6.4 Discourse, lexis, lexicons and glossaries\n## 6.5 History, education and politics\n## 6.6 Samples and corpora\n# 7 Sample Texts\n## 7.1 Literature\n## 7.2 Official documents and other letters\n## 7.3 Newspaper articles and reports\n## 7.4 Letters to the editor\n## 7.5 Advertisements\n## 7.6 Miscellaneous\n## 7.7 Lectures\n## 7.8 Audio samples\n# Bibliography of Cited Works\n# Index","[{\"question\":\"What scope and focus does the book take for Indian English?\",\"answer\":\"The volume describes English as spoken and used in India, focusing mostly on pan-Indian features. Regional differences are addressed only where relevant, and coverage prioritizes the more important or common traits documented across the country.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book categorize Indian English?\",\"answer\":\"Indian English is classified as standard, non-standard, and informal. These varieties form the core of the analysis while the book also attempts to cover standard Indian English as fully as possible.\"},{\"question\":\"What major language areas does the book analyze?\",\"answer\":\"The book examines phonetics and phonology, morphosyntax, and lexis and discourse. It also includes a chapter on history and changes in progress and provides sample texts and an annotated bibliography.\"}]","Dialects of English - Indian English | PDF",1790875455,285]