[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-326796-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-326796-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","diagnostic-challenges-during-inflammation-and-cancer-current-biomarkers-and-future-perspectives-review","Diagnostic Challenges during Inflammation and Cancer: Current Biomarkers and Future Perspectives - Review","","In pronounced inflammation, epithelial changes can overlap with neoplasia, making definitive diagnosis difficult in everyday clinical practice across the gastrointestinal tract and related organs. This review examines molecular mechanisms of tissue response during persistent inflammatory signaling and outlines how these pathways may relate to cancer risk. It details histopathological obstacles in chronic inflammation diagnosis and identifies tissue-based biomarkers that can complement morphology to distinguish reactive from dysplastic or cancerous lesions.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/diagnostic-challenges-during-inflammation-and-cancer-current-biomarkers-and-future-perspectives-review/326796/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/diagnostic-challenges-during-inflammation-and-cancer-current-biomarkers-and-future-perspectives-review/326796.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Himbo","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is diagnosis difficult during pronounced inflammation?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Inflammation-driven epithelial changes may mimic neoplasia, often preventing a certain diagnosis in daily clinical practice.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which conditions and organs does the review focus on?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It addresses the gastrointestinal tract and extends to the pancreas, extrahepatic bile ducts, and liver.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How can biomarkers help differentiate reactive, dysplastic, and cancerous lesions?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Tissue-based biomarkers can complement morphology, improving the ability to distinguish reactive atypia from dysplasia or cancer.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},326796,1791251347,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":112,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","Review  \nDiagnostic Challenges during Inflammation and Cancer: Current Biomarkers and Future Perspectives in Navigating through the Minefield of Reactive versus Dysplastic and Cancerous Lesions in the Digestive System  \nIoannis S. Pateras 1, *,†, Ana Igea 2,3,‡, Ilias P. Nikas 4, *,†, Danai Leventakou 1,‡, Nektarios I. Koufopoulos 1, Argyro Ioanna Ieronimaki 1, Anna Bergonzini 5,6, Han Suk Ryu 7, Antonios Chatzigeorgiou 8, Teresa Frisan 6,§, Christos Kittas 9 and Ioannis G. Panayiotides 1,§  \nCitation: Pateras, I.S.; Igea, A.; Nikas, I.P.; Leventakou, D.; Koufopoulos, N.I.; Ieronimaki, A.I.; Bergonzini, A.; Ryu, H.S.; Chatzigeorgiou, A.; Frisan, T.; et al. Diagnostic Challenges during Inflammation and Cancer: Current Biomarkers and Future Perspectivesin Navigating through the Minefield of Reactive versus Dysplastic and Cancerous Lesions in the Digestive System. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1251 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021251](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021251)  \nAcademic Editors: Takuji Tanaka, Masahito Shimizu and Michihiro Mutoh  \nReceived: 19 December 2023  \nRevised: 12 January 2024  \nAccepted: 16 January 2024  \nPublished: 19 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 2nd Department of Pathology,“Attikon” University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece; [danaileventakou@gmail.com](danaileventakou@gmail.com) (D.L.);  \n[nkoufo@med.uoa.gr](nkoufo@med.uoa.gr) (N.I.K.); [anismed03@yahoo.gr](anismed03@yahoo.gr) (A.I.I.); [ioagpan@med.uoa.gr](ioagpan@med.uoa.gr) (I.G.P.)  \n2 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; [ana.igea.fernandez@sergas.es](ana.igea.fernandez@sergas.es)  \n3 Mobile Genomes, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain  \n4 Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2029 Nicosia, Cyprus  \n5 Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; [anna.bergonzini@ki.se](anna.bergonzini@ki.se)  \n6 Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; [teresa.frisan@umu.se](teresa.frisan@umu.se)  \n7 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; [karlnash@naver.com](karlnash@naver.com)  \n8 Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,  \n115 27 Athens, Greece; [achatzig@med.uoa.gr](achatzig@med.uoa.gr)  \n9 Department of Histopathology, Biomedicine Group of Health Company, 156 26 Athens, Greece; [ckittas@med.uoa.gr](ckittas@med.uoa.gr)  \n* Correspondence: ipateras@med.uoa.gr or [ispasath2004@yahoo.com](ispasath2004@yahoo.com) (I.S.P.); [nikas.ilias@ucy.ac.cy or](nikas.ilias@ucy.ac.cy or)[ilias.nikas@gmail.com](ilias.nikas@gmail.com) (I.P.N.)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \n‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.  \n§ Senior authors.  \nAbstract: In the setting of pronounced inflammation, changes in the epithelium may overlap with neoplasia, often rendering it impossible to establish a diagnosis with certainty in daily clinical practice. Here, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms driving tissue response during persistent inflammatory signaling along with the potential association with cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, extrahepatic bile ducts, and liver. We highlight the histopathological challenges encountered in the diagnosis of chronic ","cbCairab6uXzg8YE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairab6uXzg8YE","pdf",2264787,"English","# Introduction\n## Inflammation and diagnostic complexity\n## Molecular mechanisms and cancer association\n## Histopathology and biomarker challenges\n## Immunohistochemistry and emerging biomarkers\n## Experimental models and digital pathology with AI","[{\"question\":\"Why is diagnosis difficult during pronounced inflammation?\",\"answer\":\"Inflammation-driven epithelial changes may mimic neoplasia, often preventing a certain diagnosis in daily clinical practice.\"},{\"question\":\"Which conditions and organs does the review focus on?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses the gastrointestinal tract and extends to the pancreas, extrahepatic bile ducts, and liver.\"},{\"question\":\"How can biomarkers help differentiate reactive, dysplastic, and cancerous lesions?\",\"answer\":\"Tissue-based biomarkers can complement morphology, improving the ability to distinguish reactive atypia from dysplasia or cancer.\"}]","Diagnostic Challenges during Inflammation and Cancer: Current Biomarkers and Future Perspectives - Review | PDF",1789975376,76]