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Endopeptidase- and MMP-2-targeting strategies offer rationale since MMP-2 is overexpressed and linked to angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Chlorotoxin, a scorpion venom peptide, has strong selectivity for multiple cancers including GB and NB. Chlorotoxin-functionalized nanoparticles aim to improve BBB diffusion, tumor localization, imaging, and radio-sensitization for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic uses.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches-for-glioblastoma-and-neuroblastoma-cancers-using-chlorotoxin-nanoparticles/384893/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches-for-glioblastoma-and-neuroblastoma-cancers-using-chlorotoxin-nanoparticles/384893.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sophia Brooks","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are glioblastoma and neuroblastoma difficult to diagnose and treat?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They have poor therapeutic outcomes due to limitations of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, including toxicity, drug resistance, and poor targeted delivery. A key barrier is the inability to access the blood-brain barrier (BBB).","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What role does chlorotoxin (CTX) play in targeting glioblastoma and neuroblastoma?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"CTX is a scorpion venom peptide that binds with high selectivity and affinity to cancer cells, especially glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. It is discussed as a promising targeting ligand, including via molecular targets such as MMP-2.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How can chlorotoxin-functionalized nanoparticles (CTX-NPs) improve cancer management?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"CTX-NPs are described as improving diffusion through the BBB and increasing localization of drugs to diseased cells. They may also enhance imaging modalities and support theranostic functions, including sensitizing radio-resistant cells to radiotherapy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},384893,1790318883,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":36,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962084925636,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","cancers   \nReview  \nDiagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma Cancers Using Chlorotoxin Nanoparticles  \nTaahirah Boltman 1, Mervin Meyer 2 and Okobi Ekpo 3, *  \nCitation: Boltman, T.; Meyer, M.; Ekpo, O. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma Cancers Using Chlorotoxin Nanoparticles. Cancers 2023, 15, 3388. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/cancers15133388](10.3390/cancers15133388)  \nAcademic Editors: Armando  \nVarela-Ramirez, Elisa Robles-Escajeda, Blanca E. Ruiz-Medina, Patricia Talam¡s-Rohana and Rachid Skouta  \nReceived: 19 March 2023  \nRevised: 4 May 2023  \nAccepted: 6 May 2023  \nPublished: 28 June 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa  \n2 Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; [memeyer@uwc.ac.za](memeyer@uwc.ac.za)  \n3 Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates  \n* Correspondence: [okobi.ekpo@ku.ac.ae](okobi.ekpo@ku.ac.ae)  \nSimple Summary: Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) and neuroblastomas (NBs) are nervous system cancers that are difficult to diagnosis and treat. Chlorotoxin (CTX), is a peptide extracted from scorpion venom which easily binds with many cancer cells, especially in GB and NB. Through nanotechnological methods, CTX can be conjugated to nanoparticles (NPs), and used both as for both diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostics) applications. This review article discusses the potential use of CTX-NP formulations for GB and NB, provides the current understanding of the mechanisms by which CTX may cross the difficult blood-brain barrier to target tumour cells. The authors extensively discuss the current state of research involving similar formulations and suggest areas for further investigation, such as using CTX-NPs for hyperthermia-based treatments therapy. Furthermore, the article discusses future trends and perspectives for novel CTX-based NP formulations to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of these challenging brain tumours.  \nAbstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) and high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) are known to have poor therapeutic outcomes. As for most cancers, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the current mainstay treatments for GB and NB. However, the known limitations of systemic toxicity, drug resistance, poor targeted delivery, and inability to access the blood-brain barrier (BBB), make these treatments less satisfactory. Other treatment options have been investigated in many studies in the literature, especially nutraceutical and naturopathic products, most of which have also been reported to be poorly effective against these cancer types. This necessitates the development of treatment strategies with the potential to cross the BBB and specifically target cancer cells. Compounds that target the endopeptidase, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), have been reported to offer therapeutic insights for GB and NB since MMP-2 is known to be over-expressed in these cancers and plays significant roles in such physiological processes as angiogenesis, metastasis, and cellular invasion. Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a promising 36-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the deathstalker scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus, demonstrating high selectivity and binding affinity to a broadspectru","cbCaijOwaugs7IOp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijOwaugs7IOp","pdf",1927302,"English","# Introduction\n# Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in GB and NB\n## Blood-brain barrier and targeted delivery\n## Current treatment limitations\n# Chlorotoxin (CTX) and molecular targets\n## MMP-2 as a therapeutic insight\n# Chlorotoxin-functionalized nanoparticles (CTX-NPs)\n## Mechanisms for BBB crossing and tumor targeting\n## Diagnostic and theranostic applications\n# Future perspectives and research directions","[{\"question\":\"Why are glioblastoma and neuroblastoma difficult to diagnose and treat?\",\"answer\":\"They have poor therapeutic outcomes due to limitations of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, including toxicity, drug resistance, and poor targeted delivery. A key barrier is the inability to access the blood-brain barrier (BBB).\"},{\"question\":\"What role does chlorotoxin (CTX) play in targeting glioblastoma and neuroblastoma?\",\"answer\":\"CTX is a scorpion venom peptide that binds with high selectivity and affinity to cancer cells, especially glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. It is discussed as a promising targeting ligand, including via molecular targets such as MMP-2.\"},{\"question\":\"How can chlorotoxin-functionalized nanoparticles (CTX-NPs) improve cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"CTX-NPs are described as improving diffusion through the BBB and increasing localization of drugs to diseased cells. They may also enhance imaging modalities and support theranostic functions, including sensitizing radio-resistant cells to radiotherapy.\"}]","Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma Cancers Using Chlorotoxin Nanoparticles | PDF",1790265696,101]