[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-152609-en":3,"doc-seo-152609-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},152609,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",7,"Healthcare","Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis","Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder involving thrombosis of the dural sinuses, cerebral veins, or both, often leading to severe neurologic outcomes despite declining mortality. Recent literature is reviewed to clarify CVT epidemiology, emerging risk factors, and therapeutic advances. The review discusses current incidence estimates, diagnostic challenges requiring neuroimaging, and treatment developments including direct oral anticoagulants, the role of endovascular therapy, and future directions such as novel imaging modalities.","Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis  \nBy Ava L. Liberman, MD  \nABSTRACT  \nOBJECTIVE: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or both, is a rare cerebrovascular disease. Although mortality rates after CVT have declined over time, this condition can result in devastating neurologic outcomes. This article reviews the latest literature regarding CVT epidemiology, details new factors associated with the development of CVT, and describes advances in CVT treatment. It also contains a discussion of future directions in the field, including novel diagnostic imaging modalities, and potential strategies to reduce the risks associated with CVT.  \nLATEST DEVELOPMENTS: The incidence of CVT may be as high as 2 per 100,000 adults per year. It remains a difficult condition to diagnose given its variable clinical manifestations and the necessity of neuroimaging for confirmation. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a novel CVT trigger, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), as well asan association between COVID-19 infection and CVT. Although VITT is avery rare event, timely diagnosis and treatment of CVT due to VITT likely improves patient outcomes. Direct oral anticoagulants are currently being used to treat CVT and emerging data suggest that these agents are as safe and effective as vitamin K antagonists. The role of endovascular therapy to treat CVT, despite a recent clinical trial, remains unproven.  \nESSENTIAL POINTS: The incidence of CVT has increased, outcomes have improved, and the use of direct oral anticoagulants to treat CVT represents an important advance in the clinical care of these patients. Rates of CVT asa complication of COVID-19 vaccines using adenoviral vectors are very low (\u003C5 per million vaccine doses administered), with the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination far outweighing the risks.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nC  \nerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is estimated to account for less than 1% of all strokes.1,2 Unlike arterial strokes, CVT tends to affect young patients with a female predominance, is often nonapoplectic in onset, and has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations.3 These and other features make CVT a challenging disease to diagnose  \nwithout an understanding of its evolving epidemiology, clinical features,  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \n􀀁  \nCONTINUUM AUDIO INTERVIEW AVAILABLE ONLINE  \nCITE AS:  \nCONTINUUM (MIN NEA P M INN) 2023;29(2, CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE):519–539.  \nAddress correspondence to Dr Ava L. Liberman, 520 East 70th St, Starr 607, New York, NY 10021, [all9188@med.cornell.edu](all9188@med.cornell.edu).  \nRELATIONSHIP DISCLOSURE: The institution of Dr Liberman has received research support from the National Institutes of Health.  \nUNLABELED USE OF PRODUCTS/INVESTIGATIONAL USE DISCLOSURE:  \nDr Liberman reports no disclosure.  \n© 2023 American Academy of Neurology.  \nCONTINUUM JOURNAL . COM 519  \nCopyright © American Academy of Neurology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.  \nCEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS  \nassociated conditions, and the neuroimaging findings typically needed to confirm the diagnosis.  \nANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  \nThe condition of CVT includes clots in both the large dural sinuses and cortical veins.4 The most prominent superficial sinus is the superior sagittal sinus, which drains into the transverse (lateral) sinuses and then out of the skull via the sigmoid sinuses into the internal jugular veins on each side. The superior sagittal sinus is the most frequent CVT location.5 The largest of the many tributary cortical veins that drain into the superior and transverse sinuses are the bilateral veins of Trolard (veins draped vertically over the parietal lobe, which drain into the superior sagittal sinus) and Labbé (veins situated horizontally over the temporal lobe, which drain into the transverse sinus) . The deep venous system includes the straight sinus, vein of Galen, inferior sagittal sinus, internal cerebral ve","cbCaid2kMWDav1fF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid2kMWDav1fF","pdf",2820476,1,21,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Objective and scope\n## Latest developments\n## Essential points\n# Introduction\n# Anatomy and pathophysiology\n# Epidemiology","[{\"question\":\"What is cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and why is it difficult to diagnose?\",\"answer\":\"CVT is thrombosis of the dural sinuses, cerebral veins, or both, and it can produce variable neurologic presentations. Diagnosis remains challenging because confirmation typically requires neuroimaging.\"},{\"question\":\"How has CVT incidence and patient outcomes changed over time?\",\"answer\":\"Population-based studies report an incidence of about 1.32 to 2 per 100,000 adults annually, and rising incidence has been observed. Outcomes have improved, coinciding with better disease ascertainment and evolving clinical care.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the current treatment approaches for CVT and what is emerging?\",\"answer\":\"Direct oral anticoagulants are used for CVT and emerging data suggest safety and effectiveness comparable to vitamin K antagonists. The benefit of endovascular therapy remains unproven despite a recent clinical trial.\"}]","Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis | PDF",1787864592,53,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cerebral-venous-thrombosis","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cerebral-venous-thrombosis/152609/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and why is it difficult to diagnose?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"CVT is thrombosis of the dural sinuses, cerebral veins, or both, and it can produce variable neurologic presentations. Diagnosis remains challenging because confirmation typically requires neuroimaging.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How has CVT incidence and patient outcomes changed over time?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Population-based studies report an incidence of about 1.32 to 2 per 100,000 adults annually, and rising incidence has been observed. Outcomes have improved, coinciding with better disease ascertainment and evolving clinical care.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What are the current treatment approaches for CVT and what is emerging?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Direct oral anticoagulants are used for CVT and emerging data suggest safety and effectiveness comparable to vitamin K antagonists. The benefit of endovascular therapy remains unproven despite a recent clinical trial.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,119,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},40,"healthcare",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]