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The Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) convened a multidisciplinary panel to produce consensus-based diagnostic and treatment statements. The 13 statements cover major risk factors, biomarker roles for therapeutic decisions, and antifungal selection using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) principles and site-specific drug activity. Guidance includes therapeutic drug monitoring and special attention to key anatomical sites and biofilm-associated infections to improve clinical decision-making.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/diagnosis-and-management-of-invasive-candidiasis-in-critically-ill-patients-siaarti-multidisciplinary-statement/455909/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/diagnosis-and-management-of-invasive-candidiasis-in-critically-ill-patients-siaarti-multidisciplinary-statement/455909.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley West","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is invasive candidiasis particularly problematic in ICU patients?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"IC occurs frequently in critically ill patients and has high mortality. 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JAnesthAnalg Crit Care (2026) 6:1  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-025-00299-y](https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-025-00299-y)  \nJournal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care  \n CONSENSUS ARTICLE Open Access  \nDiagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients: SIAARTI multidisciplinary statement  \nAndrea Cortegiani1,2*, Gennaro De Pascale3,4, Giulia De Angelis3,5, Marco Falcone6, Arianna Ferrini7, Arianna Forniti6, Milo Gatti8,9, Massimo Girardis10, Giacomo Grasselli11,12, Federico Pea8,9, Matteo Rinaldi8,13, Maurizio Sanguinetti3,5, Pierluigi Viale8,13 and Antonino Giarratano1,14  \nAbstract  \nCritically ill patients in Intensive Care Units are at high risk of developing invasive candidiasis (IC) . Delay in diagnosis and suboptimal management contribute to high mortality rates, highlighting the need for an appropriate and patient-tailored approach. The Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) convened a multidisciplinary panel, involving intensivists, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, and pharmacologists, to develop consensus-based statements on the diagnosis and management of IC in critically ill patients. The panel formulated 13 statements addressing key aspects of care, including identification of major risk factors for IC, the role of biomarkers to support therapeutic decision-making, and optimal selection of antifungal agents based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) considerations and site-specific characteristics. The document also provides guidance on the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to optimize antifungal efficacy. Special attention is given to infections in specific anatomical sites, such as the peritoneal cavity, central nervous system, eye, and biofilm-associated infections, where drug penetration and activity must be carefully considered. This multidisciplinary statement offers a practical framework aimed at improving clinical decision-making for the management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients.  \nKeywords Candidemia, Invasive candidiasis, Antifungal, Intensive care unit  \n*Correspondence:  \nAndrea Cortegiani [andrea.cortegiani@unipa.it](andrea.cortegiani@unipa.it)  \n1 Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care, University of Palermo,(Me. Pre. C. C.), Via del Vespro 129, Palermo 90127, Italy  \n2 General Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Policlinico“Paolo Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy  \n3 Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, clinicheintensivologiche e perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy  \n4 Department of Emergency, Anaesthesia, and Resuscitation Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario  \nA. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy  \n5 Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy  \n6 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy  \n7 Frelance, London, UK  \n8 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy  \n9 SSD Clinical Pharmacology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy  \n10 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy  \n11 Department of Emergency and Urgent Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy  \n12 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy  \n13 Department of Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy  \n14 Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 I","cbCaii13svSvpLRa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii13svSvpLRa","pdf",973512,11,"English","# Background\n## Epidemiology and clinical challenge\n# Consensus statements\n## Risk factors and biomarker use\n## PK/PD-driven antifungal selection\n## Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)\n## Site-specific considerations","[{\"question\":\"Why is invasive candidiasis particularly problematic in ICU patients?\",\"answer\":\"IC occurs frequently in critically ill patients and has high mortality. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate empirical therapy contribute to poor outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the SIAARTI consensus statement focus on?\",\"answer\":\"It provides 13 consensus statements covering risk-factor identification, biomarker support for therapeutic decisions, and antifungal selection based on PK/PD and site-specific characteristics.\"},{\"question\":\"How are site-specific infections and therapeutic drug monitoring addressed?\",\"answer\":\"The statement highlights infections in anatomical sites such as peritoneal cavity, CNS, eye, and biofilm-associated infections, where drug penetration and activity must be considered. It also gives guidance for therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize antifungal efficacy.\"}]","Diagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients - SIAARTI multidisciplinary statement | PDF",1790744652,28]