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It is emphasized as essential for melanoma because recurrence and progression after acquired resistance are common.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What are the main systemic therapies for advanced melanoma described in the text?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The text highlights two major efficacious categories for advanced and high-risk early-stage melanoma: targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the review connect tumor genetics to treatment choice?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Melanoma is categorized by the 2009 TNM staging system and by somatic mutational status. The review states that an optimal strategy is based on mutational status and clinical presentation, including factors such as toxicity profile and disease dissemination.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},341172,1790623806,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","Review  \nDevelopment of Personalized Strategies for Precisely Battling Malignant Melanoma  \nArmond J. Isaak †, GeGe R. Clements †, Rand Gabriel M. Buenaventura , Glenn Merlino and Yanlin Yu *  \nCitation: Isaak, A.J.; Clements, G.R.; Buenaventura, R.G.M.; Merlino, G.; Yu, Y. Development of Personalized Strategies for Precisely Battling Malignant Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5023. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25095023](10.3390/ijms25095023)  \nAcademic Editor: Michael Eccles  \nReceived: 27 March 2024  \nRevised: 27 April 2024  \nAccepted: 30 April 2024  \nPublished: 4 May 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nLaboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA  \n* [Correspondence: yuy@mail.nih.gov](Correspondence: yuy@mail.nih.gov); Tel.: +1-(240)-760-6812  \n† These authors contributed equally and shared the first authorship.  \nSimple Summary: Precision oncology is emerging as a viable option to improve survival in patients who fail to remain disease-free even after the employment of currently available treatments. Such an alternative is particularly essential for patients with melanoma, where recurrence and progression of the disease following the development of acquired resistance are common. In this review, we aim to address the treatments available to patients diagnosed with melanoma and discuss promising treatment options that rely on specific and individualized approaches to treatment, particularly for the subset of patients who experience therapy failure due to acquired resistance.  \nAbstract: Melanoma is the most severe and fatal form of skin cancer, resulting from multiple gene mutations with high intra-tumor and inter-tumor molecular heterogeneity. Treatment options for patients whose disease has progressed beyond the ability for surgical resection rely on currently accepted standard therapies, notably immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies. Acquired resistance to these therapies and treatment-associated toxicity necessitate exploring novel strategies, especially those that can be personalized for specific patients and/or populations. Here, we review the current landscape and progress of standard therapies and explore what personalized oncology techniques may entail in the scope of melanoma. Our purpose is to provide an up-to-date summary of the tools at our disposal that work to circumvent the common barriers faced when battling melanoma.  \nKeywords: melanoma; metastatic treatment; precision oncology; targeted therapy; vaccine; immunotherapies; adoptive cell therapy; personalized medicine  \n1. Introduction  \nCutaneous melanoma remains the most aggressive and deadliest form of skin cancer, with a survival rate of less than 10%, despite recent advances in therapy [1] . Four major subtypes of cutaneous melanoma have been established according to the presence of specific somatic mutations occurring in different oncogenes (Figure 1): (1) the B-Raf protooncogene serine-threonine kinase (BRAF) mutant,(2) the NRAS proto-oncogene GTPase (NRAS) mutant,(3) the neurofibromin-1 (NF1) tumor suppressor mutant, and (4) the triple BRAF/NRAS/NF1 wildtype (WT) form that does not contain mutations in any of the three oncogenes [2,3] . An overwhelming proportion of melanomas harbor hotspot mutations in either the BRAF or NRAS oncogenes—over 50% and approximately 20–25% of melanomas, respectively [4–6] . Patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant melanoma have an estimated survival of 6–10 months after diagnosis without current drug therapy intervention [7] .  \nEach","cbCaittOV0jlZ7Bh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaittOV0jlZ7Bh","pdf",2255293,28,"English","# Introduction\n## Melanoma subtypes and molecular drivers\n## TNM staging and clinical stratification\n## Standard systemic therapies and rationale\n# Personalized oncology strategies","[{\"question\":\"Why is precision oncology especially important in melanoma treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Precision oncology is presented as a way to improve survival when patients fail to remain disease-free after existing treatments. It is emphasized as essential for melanoma because recurrence and progression after acquired resistance are common.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main systemic therapies for advanced melanoma described in the text?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights two major efficacious categories for advanced and high-risk early-stage melanoma: targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review connect tumor genetics to treatment choice?\",\"answer\":\"Melanoma is categorized by the 2009 TNM staging system and by somatic mutational status. The review states that an optimal strategy is based on mutational status and clinical presentation, including factors such as toxicity profile and disease dissemination.\"}]","Development of Personalized Strategies for Precisely Battling Malignant Melanoma | PDF",1790040711,71]