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Data were collected from 995 teachers working in five public schools affiliated with Turkey’s Ministry of National Education. Construct validity was examined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, supporting a one-factor structure. Criterion validity was tested using organizational silence, person-organization fit, and showed theoretically consistent correlations. Reliability was assessed via internal consistency and test-retest methods, with additional item analysis using upper-lower 27% and corrected item-total correlations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/development-of-group-dynamics-scale-gds-validity-and-reliability-study/602860/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/development-of-group-dynamics-scale-gds-validity-and-reliability-study/602860.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the Development of Group Dynamics Scale (GDS)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It was developed to assess teachers’ perceptions of group dynamics in schools.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was construct validity evaluated in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test the underlying factor structure and model fit.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How was reliability measured for the GDS?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Reliability was measured using internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) across three samples and further examined with a test-retest method.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602860,1792166899,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Development of Group Dynamics Scale (Gds): Validity and Reliability Study  \nMuhammed ZİNCİRLİ1  \nFırat University  \nYeşim DEMİR2  \nMinistry of Education  \nAbstract  \nWe developed a scale to assess teachers’ perceptions of group dynamics in schools. The sample consisted of 995 teachers from five public schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education, Turkey. Construct validity was determined using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) . The EFA results revealed a one-factor structure that accounted for 44% of the total variance. The CFA results indicated acceptable goodness of fit indices for the one-factor group dynamics scale (GDS) model. Criterion validity was determined using the scale of organizational silence (SOS) and the person-organization fit scale (POFS) . The results showed that the GDS was positively correlated with POFS and negatively correlated with SOS. Reliability was measured on three different samples. The GDS had a Cronbach’s alpha (α: internal consistency coefficient) of .88 to .89. Reliability was also analyzed using the test-retest method. The results showed that the GDS had an acceptable reliability coefficient. These results indicated that the GDS was a reliable measure. The “upper and lower 27 percent rule” and corrected item-total correlation coefficients were used for item analysis. The former revealed acceptable results for all three samples, while the latter revealed significant t-test results for all items. All these results indicate that the GDSis a valid and reliable measure.  \nKeywords: Group Dynamics, Scale Development, Validity, Reliability  \nDOI: 10.29329/epasr.2020.334.3  \n1  \nFırat University, Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Sciences, Elazığ, Turkey, ORCID: 0000-0003-0716- 6794, [Correspondence](Correspondence: mzincirli@firat.edu.tr)[: mzincirli@firat.edu.tr](Correspondence: mzincirli@firat.edu.tr)  \n2  \nTeacher, Ministry of Education, Turkey, ORCID: 0000-0001-6380-8857, Email: [191402105@firat.edu.tr](191402105@firat.edu.tr)  \nIntroduction  \nGroup dynamics is defined as the force arising from the interaction between an individual and the social group to which he/she feels a sense of belonging. We should make use of that force in education to achieve teaching/learning outcomes. School stakeholders who collaborate are more likely to achieve organizational goals. Where there are people, there is interaction, and this study focused on group dynamics originating from that interaction. Collective success takes precedence over individual success due to cut-throat global competition and social, political, and cultural changes. Therefore, we should explore and analyze group structure and dynamics (Dereli & Cengiz, 2011) . The Turkish Language Association defines the term“group” as “a set of beings or things with shared characteristics”(2019) . A body of people is transformed into a group if they have a strong bond, a sense of belonging, and shared norms and goals, and if they take up interdependent role systems, find the group rewarding, and cooperate. People form groups to forge a shared culture, solve problems collectively, guide one another towards the right path, facilitate interaction, and promote independence or apply group or peer pressure (Aksu, 1996) . Most groups consist of and recruit likeminded members who cooperate, although they have different takes on different issues (Çöklü, 1994) . Aksu (1996) defines group dynamics as “the group force acting upon an individual or vice versa.”Yavaşça (2010) defines it as dynamic actions that shape how group members act and interact and encourage them to seek the common good and abide by group rules when communicating with eachother, other groups, and even institutions. Dereli and Cengiz (2011) define group dynamics as the influence of group force on its members. Group members internalize each other’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, which is known as conformity. They do it eithe","cbCaidFS3SphQvjX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidFS3SphQvjX","pdf",410197,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the Development of Group Dynamics Scale (GDS)?\",\"answer\":\"It was developed to assess teachers’ perceptions of group dynamics in schools.\"},{\"question\":\"How was construct validity evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test the underlying factor structure and model fit.\"},{\"question\":\"How was reliability measured for the GDS?\",\"answer\":\"Reliability was measured using internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) across three samples and further examined with a test-retest method.\"}]","Development of Group Dynamics Scale (Gds) - Validity and Reliability Study | PDF",1792095362,33]