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The study addresses methodological challenges in positivist research where theoretical frameworks require instruments to test underlying assumptions. A questionnaire was built without pre-established measures, using measurement theory to design items and response scales, then analysed with Rasch modeling and factor analysis using data from a stratified random sample of principals in 253 schools.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/development-of-a-questionnaire-to-measure-risktaking-in-decision-making-by-school-principals/592707/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/development-of-a-questionnaire-to-measure-risktaking-in-decision-making-by-school-principals/592707.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What challenge does the paper address when developing measurement instruments?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines the methodological nexus in positivist research where a theoretical model must be translated into instruments that can test assumptions underlying the model.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the questionnaire items and response scales designed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Findings from measurement theory were used to structure the items and response scales to measure the constructs included in the research model.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which methods were used to analyze the measurement scale?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Rasch modeling and factor analysis were applied to the data to analyse the resulting measurement scale.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},592707,1792191723,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Risktaking in Decision-making by School Principals  \nBy Karen Trimmer 􀀍  \nA difficult nexus can arise in positivist research when developing a model or theoretical framework that is then used to underpin the construction of measuring instruments that are subsequently used to test the assumptions underlying the model. This paper explores this nexus through consideration of a study of risk-taking indecision-making for public school principals in Western Australia (WA). A theoretical model offactors impacting on reasoned risk-taking in decision-making was developed and a questionnaire developed to measure the constructs included in the research model as there were no pre-established measurement instruments. The design of the questionnaire and development of items utilised findings from research in measurement theory to structure the items and the response scales to measure constructs in the model. Data was provided from a stratified random sample of principals in 253 schools. Rasch modeling and factor analysis were used to analyse the resultant measurement scale.  \nKeywords: factor analysis, decision-making, questionnaire development, Rasch modeling.  \nIntroduction  \nThe modernist view has an impact in organisations where it is assumed that ultimate truths exist in relation to policy positions and their impact in a range of contexts. In many organisations, policies and procedures are developed to be followed and complied with by all managers and staff regardless of the geographical location, cultural composition of staff and clients, or other local factors. The policies and procedures are deemed to provide the regulatory framework for decision-making regardless of contextual circumstances that may apply locally. In the case of West Australian public schools, principals have been provided with guidance for their decision-making by centrally developed educational policy and procedures included in a regulatory framework (Department of Education, 2004 & 2015) . Policy writers within the central office work under the assumption that policies and procedures can be developed that will apply universally to all schools and circumstances. Whilst schools are now able to apply for Independent Public School status that provides some autonomy in decision-making, the centrally developed policies have been consistently applicable to each school type, in each geographical location. The regulatory framework is deemed to provide an efficient framework for decision-making regardless of the contextual circumstances that apply locally, such as students’ needs or community  \n􀀍 Associate Professor, University of Southern Queensland, Australia.  \n[https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.4-3-3](https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.4-3-3) doi=10.30958/aje.4-3-3  \nexpectations.  \nIn this paper it is assumed that the decision-making of principals will need to be understood in terms of the educational context within each school and also the broader social structures that impact on schooling, which will include consideration of the geographical location of the school and also the cultural framework of the community in which it is located. School principals make decisions daily in relation to significant issues and strategic directions. Consideration of postmodern views would encourage decision-makers to take account of diverse viewpoints, to consider evidence that conflicted with their position on an issue or decision, and to defend these positions and decisions through logical argument. In practice many principals do this and subsequently may make decisions that are non-compliant with the established regulatory framework (Trimmer, 2003a; 2003b) . They make these decisions based primarily on consideration of the individual needs of students, their school and local communities. The etic/emic contrast (Brislin, 1976; Adair & Pastori, 2011) provides an insight into this inconsistency between corporate governance and local decision-making by","cbCaileHeu87tSao","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaileHeu87tSao","pdf",582979,29,"English","# Introduction\n# Literature Review","[{\"question\":\"What challenge does the paper address when developing measurement instruments?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the methodological nexus in positivist research where a theoretical model must be translated into instruments that can test assumptions underlying the model.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the questionnaire items and response scales designed?\",\"answer\":\"Findings from measurement theory were used to structure the items and response scales to measure the constructs included in the research model.\"},{\"question\":\"Which methods were used to analyze the measurement scale?\",\"answer\":\"Rasch modeling and factor analysis were applied to the data to analyse the resulting measurement scale.\"}]","Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Risktaking in Decision-making by School Principals | PDF",1792075163,73]