[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599832-105":59,"doc-detail-599832-en":134},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":127,"head_meta":129,"extra_data":131,"updated_unix":133},105,"en","development-of-a-media-literacy-skills-scale","Development of a Media Literacy Skills Scale","","This study develops a reliable and valid Media Literacy Skills Scale to identify media users’ levels of media literacy skills. Scale development followed nine literature-based steps, with item reviews by field and language experts plus a pilot study. Data from 322 pre-service teachers were analyzed using purposeful sampling. Item-total correlations showed no item below 0.30. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable model fit, and validity checks included convergent, divergent, and 27% upper-lower group means, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.919 overall.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/development-of-a-media-literacy-skills-scale/599832/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/development-of-a-media-literacy-skills-scale/599832.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"PakDamar76","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To develop a reliable and valid scale for identifying media users’ media literacy skills.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the scale development process conducted?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It followed nine steps recommended in the literature, including expert reviews, a pilot study, and analysis based on teacher responses.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How was the scale’s reliability and validity assessed?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Item discrimination was tested using item-total correlation, model fit was examined with confirmatory factor analysis, validity used convergent and divergent measures plus 27% upper-lower means, and reliability used Cronbach’s alpha.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What is the structure and content of the final scale?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"The scale consists of 45 items grouped under four main factors: access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},599832,1792166909,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":147,"read_time":148},962090893057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Development of a Media Literacy Skills Scale  \nBahadir Eristi  \nAnadolu University, Turkey  \nCahit Erdem  \nAfyon Kocatepe University, Turkey  \nAbstract  \nThis study aims to develop a reliable and valid scale to identify the levels of media users’media literacy skills. The scale development process was carried out in nine steps as recommended in the literature. Before the scale was administered, the items were reviewed by field experts and language experts and a pilot study was carried out. Responses from 322 pre-service teachers, selected via purposeful sampling, were included in the analysis. Item discrimination was tested via item-total correlation and it indicated that none of the items were below .30. In the confirmatory factor analysis, it was found out that the scale and the theoretical model showed a fit between good and acceptable. Convergent validity, divergent validity and 27% upper-lower group means were also examined. As for the internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was calculated as .919 and alpha values of the factors were calculated as .768, .833, .720 and .838 respectively. The results revealed that Media Literacy Skills Scale, which consists of 45 items gathered under the four main factors of ‘access, analyze, evaluate and communicate’, is a reliable and valid measurement instrument. This up-to-date scale covers all main skills of media literacy and it consists of a sufficient number of questions to obtain rich data and ensure measurement precision. In addition, it covers new media as well as mass media and this way it fills a gap in the literature caused by the changing nature of media and technology.  \nKeywords: Media literacy; Scale development; Media literacy skills; New media,  \nconfirmatory factor analysis  \nIntroduction  \nIn specific periods of time throughout history, the concept of literacy has been defined by information and communication technologies (ICTs) commonly used in that particular era, and this fact refers to a parallelism between evolutions of literacy and ICTs. As an outgrowth of this, literacy has undergone numerous changes over time (Hsu, Ching & Grabowski, 2009) . These changes can be addressed in universal, locational and timewise dimensions. From the aspect of universal dimension, there is a consensus on the contemporary concept of literacy that has been put forth by scientific studies. Locational and timewise dimensions are, on the other hand, relative. The meaning which is attributed to literacy, literacy skills and qualities of a literate individual in a country may vary with the state that country is in with respect to its indicators of development (Ivanovic, 2014) . Time wisely, the discrepancy between the meanings attached to literacy concept in the past and now is the most concrete evidence of this change (Bawden, 2001) .  \nThe development of ICTs has not only changed the literacy concept on the levels of content and application but also has led to the appearance of new types of literacy as an outgrowth of the diversification of information and communication sources, channels and applications (Inal, 2009) . Compared to the past, the current century can be regarded as a period in which new literacies of different types and qualities are defined in great numbers (Pérez Tornero, Celot & Varis, 2007) . Besides, literacy is also addressed with different concepts regarding the fundamental competencies which are defined by associating it with a specific field. Rhetoric, speaking and listening, print literacy (Hobbs & Moore, 2013), visual literacy, information literacy, media literacy (Bawden, 2001), critical literacy (Lankshear & McLaren, 1993), computer literacy, news literacy, digital literacy (Donna Alvermann & Hagood, 2000), gaming literacy, social media literacy (Caperton, 2010), internet literacy and multimedia literacy (Hofstetter, 2002) are some of them.  \nBased on the abovementioned explanations, it can be argued that the twenty first century is a period ","cbCaiflPwpTmH9ie","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiflPwpTmH9ie","pdf",605055,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Literacy and ICTs\n## Emergence of new literacies and media literacy\n## Competencies required in the 21st century","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To develop a reliable and valid scale for identifying media users’ media literacy skills.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the scale development process conducted?\",\"answer\":\"It followed nine steps recommended in the literature, including expert reviews, a pilot study, and analysis based on teacher responses.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the scale’s reliability and validity assessed?\",\"answer\":\"Item discrimination was tested using item-total correlation, model fit was examined with confirmatory factor analysis, validity used convergent and divergent measures plus 27% upper-lower means, and reliability used Cronbach’s alpha.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the structure and content of the final scale?\",\"answer\":\"The scale consists of 45 items grouped under four main factors: access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate.\"}]","Development of a Media Literacy Skills Scale | PDF",1792089524,48]