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Methods: The scale was built from clinical practice and theory, followed by a pre-test for item selection and item representativeness/independence, reliability assessment, and a pilot test for validity. Results: 41 items formed four domains—worry, positive experience, negative experience, and stress. Factor analysis showed acceptable model fit; reliability was acceptable by domain. Conclusion: The scale demonstrates satisfactory reliability and validity and can assess psychological status and guide tailored nutrition 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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2026) 26:24  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-08505-z](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-08505-z)  \nBMC Pregnancy and Childbirth  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nDevelopment and validation of gestational diabetes dietary psychological evaluation scale  \nAnyi Liu 1†, Yongjin Li2*†, Aimin Yao2, Jie Zhao2, Hongmin Sun2, Yibin Zhang3, Jinchang Lv3, Peng Gao3, Dongwan Chen3 and Junbo Wang 1*  \nAbstract  \nObjective The primary objective of this study is to develop and validate a dietary psychological evaluation scale tailored specifically for GDM in pregnant women. The goal is to facilitate individualized nutrition interventions by considering both psychological and physical factors that may influence the progression of diabetes during pregnancy.  \nMethods A scale was developed by combining clinical practice and theory. A pre-test was conducted for itemselection, as well as to assess the representativeness and independence of all items. We also assessed reliability. A pilot test was conducted to assess validity.  \nResults In the end, 41 items were selected, and 4 domains were determined: worry, positive experience, negative experience, and stress. Cronbach α values for each domain (0 .560–0. 869) were acceptable, except for the stress domain. The results of factor analysis (χ²/df = 2 . 36, GFI = 0 . 908, AGFI = 0 . 898, NFI = 0 . 854, RFI = 0 . 782, CFI = 0 . 882, RMSEA = 0 . 059) indicated a good fit with the theoretical model. The norm values for this dietary psychological evaluation were determined.  \nConclusion The reliability and validity of the scale were satisfactory. This scale can be used to evaluate the psychological status of patients with GDM and provide individualized nutrition interventions.  \nKeywords Scale, Diet psychology, Anxiety, Gestational diabetes  \n†Anyi Liu and Yongjin Li co-first author.  \n*Correspondence: Yongjin Li[lyjsod@sina.com](lyjsod@sina.com)[ ](lyjsod@sina.com)Junbo Wang [bmuwjbxy@bjmu.edu.cn](bmuwjbxy@bjmu.edu.cn)  \n1School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China  \n2Shunyi Women’s & Children’s Hospital of Beijing Children’s Hospital (Beijing Shunyi District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Beijing, China  \n3Beijing Shunyi District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China  \nBackground  \nGDM is defined as the first occurrence or diagnosis of glucose intolerance during pregnancy and usually resolves soon after delivery [1]. With the implementation of the “universal two-child” policy in 2015 in China, the number of elderly parturient has increased. Since the incidence rate of GDM in women over 35 years old is 5.5 times higher than in those under 25 years old, the prevalence of GDM has increased accordingly. The prevalence of GDM in China ranges from 13.0 to 20.9%, due to the different diagnostic criteria used [2–10]. An epidemiological study on hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/l](vecommons.org/l)icenses/","cbCaifCtEb1Y3Ce4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifCtEb1Y3Ce4","pdf",1213894,"English","# Abstract\n## Objective\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Background\n## Definition and epidemiology of GDM\n## Role of nutrition counseling\n## Need for dietary psychology assessment\n# Methods\n## Study population","[{\"question\":\"What is the primary goal of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To develop and validate a dietary psychological evaluation scale specifically for GDM in pregnant women, enabling individualized nutrition interventions that consider both psychological and physical factors.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the scale developed and tested?\",\"answer\":\"The scale was developed by combining clinical practice and theory, then underwent a pre-test for item selection and item representativeness/independence, reliability assessment, and a pilot test to evaluate validity.\"},{\"question\":\"What domains does the final scale include?\",\"answer\":\"The final instrument selected 41 items and identified four domains: worry, positive experience, negative experience, and stress.\"},{\"question\":\"How can the scale be used in clinical practice?\",\"answer\":\"It can evaluate the psychological status of patients with GDM and support individualized nutrition interventions based on their dietary psychological needs.\"}]","Development and validation of gestational diabetes dietary psychological evaluation scale - research open access | PDF",1790736613]