[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-39139-en":3,"doc-seo-39139-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},39139,4398048949847,"Eliana","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267",8,"Research & Report","Development and Validation of a Concise and Anisotropic Irradiance Model for Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules","Irradiance modelling is essential for accurate electrical and thermal prediction of bifacial photovoltaic (bPV) modules, yet existing approaches are often difficult to apply in a simple, reliable manner. The study introduces a concise anisotropic irradiance model that uses an improved view factor method to compute ground-reflected irradiance. The model assumes anisotropic irradiance for horizontal, tilted, and vertical module orientations. Outdoor experiments validate irradiance prediction above concrete ground, with front/rear/total errors of 7.1%/12.5%/6.1% (tilted) and 11.9%/16.5%/8.7% (vertical), and reduced accuracy for high-reflective aluminum-foil grounds due to incident-angle dependent albedo variations.","Renewable Energy 209 (2023) 442–452  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nRenewable Energy  \njournal [homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene)  \n| Development and validation of a concise and anisotropic irradiance model   for bifacial photovoltaic modules\u003Cbr>Bo Suna, Lin Lua, *, Yanping Yuan b, Paweł Ocło´n c\u003Cbr>a Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China b School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, PR China\u003Cbr>c Energy Department, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864, Krakow, Poland |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| Keywords: Solar energy Photovoltaics View factor\u003Cbr>Ground-reflected irradiance |  | The irradiance model is significant for accurately modelling the electrical and thermal performance of bifacial photovoltaic (bPV) modules, but existing irradiance models fail to be employed for bPV modules in a simple but reliable way. Therefore, this paper presented a concise and anisotropic irradiance model to predict the irradiance received by bPV modules, in which an improved view factor-based model was adopted to calculate the groundreflected irradiance. In addition to its computational simplicity, the proposed model can satisfy the assumption of an anisotropic irradiance at both sides of the horizontal, tilted, and vertical bPV modules. Outdoor experiments were conducted to validate the proposed model under different conditions. Results show that the proposed model can well predict the irradiance of bPV modules placed above a concrete ground. The prediction errors of the front/rear/total irradiance are 7. 1%/12.5%/6.1% and 11.9%/16.5%/8.7% for tilted and vertical bPV modules, respectively. In addition, the prediction performance decreases when a high-reflective ground made of aluminum foil is used. It is found that the albedo of the high-reflective ground will vary significantly on sunny days, mainly due to the incident-angle dependence of the ground reflection. Grounds with more diffuse reflections can improve the accuracy of the model’s predictions. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nSolar photovoltaic (PV) technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity by semiconductors has become the lowest-cost and most promising option for solar energy utilization and electricity generation in most of the world [1,2]. In 2021, solar PV generation increased by a record high of 22% to exceed 1000 TWh [3]. Crystalline silicon (c-Si) technologies currently dominate the global PV market, with a share of more than 95% [4]. The power conversion efficiency records formono-crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon cells were 26.1% and 23.3%, respectively [5]. Nevertheless, it has become tough to further improve the efficiency and reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for conventional silicon-based cells, mainly due to the power conversion efficiency limit at around 30% according to the Shockley-Queisser limit [6,7].  \nBifacial solar cells can collect sunlight from both the front and the rear faces and produce more power for the same area as compared with conventional mono-facial ones [8]. Bifacial solar cells add back contacts instead of the back surface field at the back side of conventional solar  \ncells [9]. Consequently, the potential of bifacial PV (bPV) modules can be fully realized with the absorption of the ground-reflected and diffuse irradiance at the rear side of the module. It was shown that the bifacial gain of tilted bPV modules could be as high as 30% at a ground albedo of 0.5 and a module elevation of 1 m [10]. Hence, it can increase the overall power conversion efficiency without adding much cost and reduce the LCOE. In addition, bifacial modules can be installed vertically (e.g., facing east or west), which saves space and have great potential in various applications, such as solar fence and nois","cbCaiiBTjjhKdyLB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiBTjjhKdyLB","pdf",3967719,2,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Motivation for bifacial PV irradiance modelling\n# Proposed concise anisotropic irradiance model\n## Improved view factor for ground-reflected irradiance\n# Outdoor experimental validation\n## Test conditions and module orientations\n# Results and discussion\n## Prediction errors and influence of ground reflectivity","[{\"question\":\"为什么需要为双面光伏（bPV）建立前后侧辐照度模型？\",\"answer\":\"bPV 模块的能量预测依赖前后侧辐照度，因此对总入射辐照度进行准确建模对电能与热性能评估至关重要。\"},{\"question\":\"文中提出的模型如何计算地面反射辐照度？\",\"answer\":\"模型采用改进的基于视因子的（view factor-based）方法来计算地面反射辐照度，从而在保证计算简洁的同时提高可靠性。\"},{\"question\":\"实验验证结果表明模型在不同安装角度下的预测误差如何？\",\"answer\":\"在混凝土地面上，倾斜安装的前/后/总辐照度预测误差为 7.1%/12.5%/6.1%；竖直安装为 11.9%/16.5%/8.7%。高反射铝箔地面会使预测性能下降，因为地表反照率在晴天会随入射角显著变化。\"}]",1783079160,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"development-and-validation-of-a-concise-and-anisotropic-irradiance-model-for-bifacial-photovoltaic-modules","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/development-and-validation-of-a-concise-and-anisotropic-irradiance-model-for-bifacial-photovoltaic-modules/39139/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-13","2026-07-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"为什么需要为双面光伏（bPV）建立前后侧辐照度模型？","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"bPV 模块的能量预测依赖前后侧辐照度，因此对总入射辐照度进行准确建模对电能与热性能评估至关重要。","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"文中提出的模型如何计算地面反射辐照度？",{"text":80,"@type":76},"模型采用改进的基于视因子的（view factor-based）方法来计算地面反射辐照度，从而在保证计算简洁的同时提高可靠性。",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"实验验证结果表明模型在不同安装角度下的预测误差如何？",{"text":84,"@type":76},"在混凝土地面上，倾斜安装的前/后/总辐照度预测误差为 7.1%/12.5%/6.1%；竖直安装为 11.9%/16.5%/8.7%。高反射铝箔地面会使预测性能下降，因为地表反照率在晴天会随入射角显著变化。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]