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[homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jup)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/jup](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jup)  \n| Full-length article\u003Cbr>Development and application of regional urban water security\u003Cbr>*\u003Cbr>Rahul Ray Biswas , Anisur Rahman\u003Cbr>School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia |  | indicators | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O | A B S T R A C T\u003Cbr>The study conceptualises water security indicators in the regional urban context for water security policy formulation and implementation. The paper used a Process Analysis Method (PAM) to develop and apply a set of Urban Water Security (UWS) indicators suitable for the regional urban water authorities. The UWS indicators were calibrated and validated by the relevant stakeholders of the northern, tropical, urban region of Queensland, Australia. Although the priorities for different regional cities vary, the indicators are expected to help water authorities monitor, measure and track their policy performance over time. |  |  |\n| Handling Editor: Janice A. Beecher |  |  |  |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Water security indicator\u003Cbr>Urban water\u003Cbr>Water policy |  |  |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nThe scope of water security can be global, national, or local. Indicators of water supply security serve different purposes. Regarding global water supply security, water scarcity and security are used interchangeably to understand water resource sufficiency and associated challenges in providing water services. Global and national water scarcity is defined using different index parameters. For example, V¨or¨osmarty et al. (2005) proposed quantifying water scarcity as a demand-driven scarcity where a ratio of annual freshwater demand and availability is calculated. The research identified 0.4 as the threshold above which water is considered scarce. The research outlined 23 indicators to assess water scarcity and security but lacks information on human adaptation, interventions, and policy instruments. Supply-driven scarcity was presented by Falkenmark et al., 1989. They developed a water stress index to quantify water scarcity in different regions, and the method is being adopted worldwide. If the available freshwater of a country falls below 1000 m3 per person per year, it is called a water-scarce country; whereas if it falls below 500 m3, the country is under absolute water scarcity. Local-level water supply security indicators are recognised as critical parameters for taking appropriate action on-ground (Cao et al., 2022; Grey et al., 2013; Norman et al., 2013).  \nMeasuring water supply security is also vital for climate change adaptation in the urban water sector (Babel et al., 2020; Viera and Malekpour, 2020). Urban water security (UWS) indicators are useful for capturing and addressing local water challenges and variations (Cao et al., 2022; Shi et al., 2021), and as the concept is dynamic (Srinivasan  \net al., 2017), these are expected to reflect and adopt local constraints and changes over time. Indicators can help decision-makers track and manage the progress of urban water supply security over time, and it is useful for policy formation, evaluating alternative policies, policy performance assessment and progress tracking (Jensen and Wu, 2018; Karimi Alavijeh et al., 2021).  \nAlthough urban water security indicators were researched for large metropolitan cities in some parts of the world (Jensen and Wu, 2018; Furlong et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2020), there is hardly any research that primarily targets regional urban centres. This research study intends to conceptualise water security indicators in the regional urban context for water security policy decision-making using different easy-to-understand terminology. The primary motivation of this research is the increasing concentration of population in regional urban centres ","cbCaihICvlHFYF7H","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihICvlHFYF7H","pdf",3406443,"English","# Introduction\n## Global and national water scarcity indicators\n## Urban water security indicators and climate adaptation\n## Gap in research on regional urban centres\n## Study motivation and regional context\n# Method and validation approach","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of developing Urban Water Security (UWS) indicators?\",\"answer\":\"To support water security policy formulation, implementation, and the monitoring of policy performance over time in regional urban contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the UWS indicators developed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Using a Process Analysis Method (PAM) to develop a set of UWS indicators tailored for regional urban water authorities.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the indicators validated?\",\"answer\":\"They were calibrated and validated with relevant stakeholders in northern, tropical, urban Queensland, Australia.\"}]","Development and application of regional urban water security | PDF",48]