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Findings show that conventional cinematic narrative methods fail structurally in immersive spatial settings, producing cognitive dissonance. Learners then engage in reflective practice to build spatial narrative strategies, emphasizing perceptual guidance, spatial rhythm modulation, low-intervention narration, and increased presence. The paper presents a learning-process-oriented model, mapping narrative development from viewing to presence, and offering empirical support for immersive media pedagogy and digital narrative practice in cultural heritage contexts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/developing-spatial-narrative-strategies-for-panoramic-vr-cultural-heritage-content-through-project-based-learning/585334/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/developing-spatial-narrative-strategies-for-panoramic-vr-cultural-heritage-content-through-project-based-learning/585334.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What research framework does the study use to examine narrative strategy development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study uses Project-Based Learning (PBL) within a qualitative research approach to investigate how learners develop narrative strategies in panoramic cultural heritage imagery production.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What happens when conventional cinematic narrative techniques are used in immersive spatial environments?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The findings indicate structural breakdowns occur, leading to cognitive dissonance among learners.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do learners respond to cognitive dissonance in the creation process?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Cognitive dissonance triggers reflective practice, through which learners gradually construct spatial narrative strategies focused on perceptual guidance, spatial rhythm modulation, low-intervention narration, and presence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},585334,1792191737,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","DEVELOPING SPATIAL NARRATIVE STRATEGIES FOR PANORAMIC VR CULTURAL HERITAGE CONTENT THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LEARNING  \nXuefang Zhang1 and Yiran Cheng2  \n1Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China  \n2 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kindom  \nABSTRACT  \nThis study adopts a qualitative research approach and situates its inquiry within a Project-Based Learning (PBL) framework to trace and analyse the mechanisms through which learners develop narrative strategies in the production of panoramic cultural heritage imagery. The findings reveal that conventional cinematic narrative techniques experience structural breakdowns in immersive spatial environments, generating cognitive dissonance among learners. This dissonance, in turn, prompts reflective practice, through which learners gradually construct spatial narrative strategies centred on perceptual guidance, spatial rhythm modulation, low-intervention narration, and the cultivation of a sense of presence. On this basis, the study proposes a learning-process-oriented narrative strategy model for panoramic imagery. The model not only elucidates, at the cognitive level, the evolutionary trajectory of narrative thinking from “viewing” to“presence,” but also provides empirical evidence for immersive media pedagogy and digital narrative practices in the field of cultural heritage.  \nKEYWORDS  \nPanoramic VR, Cultural Heritage, Space Narrative Strategies, Film and Media Education, Sense of Presence  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nIn the contemporary context where digital technologies are deeply embedded in cultural communication, the paradigms of cultural heritage display and dissemination are undergoing a structural shift from “static exhibition” to “dynamic experience.” Traditional image-based communication models that rely on linear narratives are increasingly unable to meet the public’s growing demand for depth of cultural experience and participation. Particularly in the advancement of cultural–tourism integration, cultural heritage is required tobe incorporated into public experience in more immersive and interactive ways, enabling a transformation from an “object to be viewed” into an “enterable spatial field.”  \nThe development of virtual reality technologies has given rise to a variety of immersive media forms, among which panoramic imagery has become widely adopted in the digital presentation and dissemination of cultural heritage due to its relatively low technical threshold and mature production workflow. Unlike conventional screen-based media, panoramic imagery eliminates the fixed frame and grants viewers autonomy over their gaze, thereby fostering a stronger sense of spatial presence and experiential freedom.  \nHowever, technological empowerment does not equate to narrative effectiveness. Practice has shown that an enhanced sense of immersion does not necessarily lead to a corresponding deepening of cultural understanding. How to guide audiences toward an understanding of cultural meaning and the construction of significance while preserving their freedom of viewing has thus become an urgent narrative challenge. Existing research, however, often overlooks the process by which creators adapt to these challenges and develop new narrative competencies. In response, this study examines the challenges of spatial narrative in the creation of panoramic imagery for cultural heritage themes, focusing on how novice creators gradually master narrative strategies for immersive spatial media by building upon traditional cinematic storytelling techniques and through the learning and practice of new knowledge. The findings aim to provide reference pathways for the creation and instruction of virtual reality content in the field of cultural heritage.  \n2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS  \nExisting studies on panoramic imagery narrative have largely examined its impact on traditional cinematic language from the perspective of media differences. Related research points out that panoramic imagery weakens the di","cbCaionBdFwFDVfE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaionBdFwFDVfE","pdf",1678551,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Research Questions\n# 3. Research Design\n## 3.1 Research Participants","[{\"question\":\"What research framework does the study use to examine narrative strategy development?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses Project-Based Learning (PBL) within a qualitative research approach to investigate how learners develop narrative strategies in panoramic cultural heritage imagery production.\"},{\"question\":\"What happens when conventional cinematic narrative techniques are used in immersive spatial environments?\",\"answer\":\"The findings indicate structural breakdowns occur, leading to cognitive dissonance among learners.\"},{\"question\":\"How do learners respond to cognitive dissonance in the creation process?\",\"answer\":\"Cognitive dissonance triggers reflective practice, through which learners gradually construct spatial narrative strategies focused on perceptual guidance, spatial rhythm modulation, low-intervention narration, and presence.\"}]","DEVELOPING SPATIAL NARRATIVE STRATEGIES FOR PANORAMIC VR CULTURAL HERITAGE CONTENT THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LEARNING | PDF",1792054408]