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The Relative Deprivation Scale-Adolescent Form (RDS-AF) was prepared and administered to 586 adolescents, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the underlying structure. A 3-component, 16-item model emerged from EFA. The form was further tested with 320 adolescents using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), yielding acceptable fit indices. Criterion validity was evaluated with related support and ostracism measures, and reliability was examined through internal consistency and stability, with Cronbach’s alpha of .89 and test-retest correlation of .76. Results confirm that RDS-AF can measure adolescents’ relative deprivation effectively.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/developing-relative-deprivation-scale-adolescent-form-rds-af-and-testing-its-psychometric-properties-full-length-research-paper-article/591229/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/developing-relative-deprivation-scale-adolescent-form-rds-af-and-testing-its-psychometric-properties-full-length-research-paper-article/591229.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"eBook King","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the main purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring adolescents’ relative deprivation levels and to test its psychometric properties.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many components and items does the RDS-AF contain?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Exploratory Factor Analysis produced a 3-component structure with 16 items.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How was reliability and stability assessed?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Reliability was examined via internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .89) and stability was assessed using test-retest (Pearson correlation = .76).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591229,1792161635,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962088006270,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","African Educational Research Journal  \nVol. 11(1), pp. 81-91, March 2023 DOI: 10. 30918/AERJ.111.23.013 ISSN: 2354-2160  \nFull Length Research Paper  \nDeveloping relative deprivation scale-adolescent form (RDS-AF) and testing its psychometric properties\\#  \nMakbule Duran Mucuk1* and Ekrem Sedat Şahin2  \n1Ministry of Education, Nevşehir, Turkey.  \n2 Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Education, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey. Accepted 9 March, 2023  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument to find out adolescents’relative deprivation levels and to determine the statistical characteristics of the instrument. The Relative Deprivation Scale-Adolescent Form was prepared and applied to 586 adolescents within the scope of the study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed on the data obtained. As a result of EFA, a 3 component and 16-item form was created. Following this, the form was addressed to 320 adolescents and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on the data obtained. Goodness-of-fit values obtained from the CFA were as follows: χ2/df = 2.69, RMSEA = .073, CFI = .93, IFI = .93, TLI = .91 and GFI = .90. In terms of these values, it can be concluded that RDS-AF has a 16-item and 3-factor structure and acceptable fit values. Criterion validity of the scale was analysed with Multidimensional Perceived Support Scale and Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents. Correlation coefficients between RDS-AF and these scales were found as .63 and .44. Reliability of the scale was examined within the scope of internal consistency and stability. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient calculated to determine internal consistency was found as .89; while the Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient calculated within the scope of testretest carried out to determine stability was found as .76.These findings confirm that RDS-AF is a valid and reliable measurement instrument that can be used to determine the relative deprivation levels of adolescents.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Relative deprivation, validity, reliability, adolescence. |\n| --- |\n| *Corresponding [author. E-mail: makbule34.007@gmail.com. Tel:](author. E-mail: makbule34.007@gmail.com. Tel:) 0090 542 645 4679.\u003Cbr>\\#This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 23rd International Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress held at Istanbul Kultur University between 13 and 15 June 2022. |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nThe concept of relative deprivation first came out when Samuel Stouffer et al. realized that satisfaction is relative as a result of the surveys they conducted on American soldiers in World War II (Pettigrew, 2015) . Runciman (1966) grouped relative deprivation into three categories that are personal deprivation, group deprivation and double deprivation in which both can be present at the same time. While individuals are exposed to deprivation alone in personal relative deprivation; in group relative deprivation, individuals think that their group is disadvantaged compare with a relevant referent, and that this judgment elicits feelings of anger, resentment and entitlement. In double relative deprivation, individuals  \nbelieve that both the individual and the groups they are in are exposed to deprivation (Abrams and Grant, 2012) .  \nThe concept of relative deprivation can be defined as individuals’ perception of themselves as disadvantaged when compared to those who are similar to them and this perception triggers emotions such as anger, resentment, sadness and anger. In other words, relative deprivation is the emotional consequence that occurs when individuals compare what they have with those others similar to them have and think that they have the right to have what they don’t have (Smith et al. , 2012) . According to Runciman (1966), the concept of relative deprivation has four components. These are:  \nAfr Educ Res J 82  \n1. First, individuals compare themselves to others.  \n2. ","cbCaioX3uNXNi0Eq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioX3uNXNi0Eq","pdf",284812,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Concept of relative deprivation\n## Components and dimensions of relative deprivation\n## Relevance to adolescence","[{\"question\":\"What was the main purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring adolescents’ relative deprivation levels and to test its psychometric properties.\"},{\"question\":\"How many components and items does the RDS-AF contain?\",\"answer\":\"Exploratory Factor Analysis produced a 3-component structure with 16 items.\"},{\"question\":\"How was reliability and stability assessed?\",\"answer\":\"Reliability was examined via internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .89) and stability was assessed using test-retest (Pearson correlation = .76).\"}]","Developing relative deprivation scale-adolescent form (RDS-AF) and testing its psychometric properties - Full Length Research Paper - Article | PDF",1792071380,28]