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Returning results strengthens trust, transparency, and health equity, yet investigators face barriers. This study examines protocol practices at a large research-intensive medical school, finding fewer than 6% included plans to return genetic results. It presents development of a Genomic Return of Results (gROR) service and supporting protocols for primary and secondary results, implemented via expert collaboration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/developing-a-genetic-return-of-results-service-core/457927/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/developing-a-genetic-return-of-results-service-core/457927.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why should research participants be informed about genetic test results?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Participants should receive genetic results when these findings could impact their health, particularly if they expressed interest in receiving them. Returning results supports trust, transparency, and health equity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What barrier did investigators often face when returning genetic test results?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Investigators commonly encountered challenges related to returning genetic data, including determining clinical validity and utility, handling participant consent, and managing burdens from cost and feasibility.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the gROR service support returning primary and secondary genetic results?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The service returns genetic results through a genetic counselor at no cost to participants or their family. Investigator costs are subsidized to encourage delivery of actionable results, prioritizing transparency and informed decision-making.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},457927,1791290579,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Journal of Clinical and Translational Science  \n[www.cambridge.org/cts](www.cambridge.org/cts)  \nSpecial Communication  \nCite this article: McKenzie JA, McRoy E, Bowling KM, Granadillo De Luque JL, Mozersky J, Linnenbringer E, Baldridge D, Heusel JW, Neidich JA, Cashen AF, Bierut LJ, Hartz SM, and Gurnett CA. Developing a genetic return of results service core. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 9: e265, 1–7.  \ndoi: 10. 1017/cts.2025.10197  \nReceived: 20 May 2025  \nRevised: 23 October 2025  \nAccepted: 5 November 2025  \nKeywords:  \nReturn of results; research participants; service; genetics; genomics  \nCorresponding author:  \nJ. McKenzie; Email: [j.mckenzie@wustl.edu](j.mckenzie@wustl.edu)  \n© The Author(s), 2025 . Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Association for Clinical and Translational Science. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/)[by/4.0/](by/4.0/)), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.  \nDeveloping a genetic return of results service core  \nJennifer A. McKenzie , Erin McRoy, Kevin M. Bowling,  \nJorge Luis Granadillo De Luque, Jessica Mozersky , Erin Linnenbringer, Dustin Baldridge, Jonathan W. Heusel, Julie A. Neidich, Amanda F. Cashen, Laura J. Bierut, Sarah M. Hartz and Christina A. Gurnett  \nWashington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA  \nAbstract  \nResearch participants should be informed of genetic test results that could impact their health, particularly when they have expressed interest in receiving such information. Furthermore, the return of genetic test results is essential to improve trust, transparency, and health equity. However, investigators often encounter barriers in returning genetic test results to research participants. We examined genomic research at a large, research-intensive medical school and found less than 6% of protocols included plans to return results to participants. This study describes our development of protocols for returning primary and secondary genetic test results and implementation of a Genomic Return of Results (gROR) service. This arose through a collaboration with experts in community engagement, genetics, and pathology to consider consent adequacy, analytical/clinical validity, and clinical utility when returning results. The gROR service reduces investigator burden and provides participants with genetic information and guidance to address any potential health risks. Genetic results are returned by a genetic counselor at no cost to participants or their family. Investigator costs are subsidized to incentivize the delivery of actionable genetic test results to research participants. Our approach prioritizes transparency, accessibility, and informed decision-making, thereby promoting equitable sharing of genetic knowledge and personalized healthcare interventions.  \nIntroduction  \nEfforts to increase transparency and access to research results are underway to include participants more fully as partners in research [1,2] . Participants consistently request their research results; researchers have a duty to respect participant autonomy and ensure they can access their results, when feasible. Transparency between researchers and participants promotes trust, enhances study recruitment and retention, increases subject diversity, and elevates the quality of research.  \nThere are challenges associated with the return of any type of research results, including standard laboratory and imaging tests, and additional barriers for the return of genetic data, including determination of clinical validity and utility, participant consent, and burdens associated with cost and feasibility. The Precision Health function of the W","cbCaij9Mx3KoERtk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij9Mx3KoERtk","pdf",1629872,"English","# Introduction\n## Barriers and rationale for returning genetic results\n# Methods\n## Protocol development and gROR service implementation\n# Results\n## Protocol inclusion rate and service impact\n# Discussion\n## Transparency, accessibility, informed decision-making","[{\"question\":\"Why should research participants be informed about genetic test results?\",\"answer\":\"Participants should receive genetic results when these findings could impact their health, particularly if they expressed interest in receiving them. Returning results supports trust, transparency, and health equity.\"},{\"question\":\"What barrier did investigators often face when returning genetic test results?\",\"answer\":\"Investigators commonly encountered challenges related to returning genetic data, including determining clinical validity and utility, handling participant consent, and managing burdens from cost and feasibility.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the gROR service support returning primary and secondary genetic results?\",\"answer\":\"The service returns genetic results through a genetic counselor at no cost to participants or their family. Investigator costs are subsidized to encourage delivery of actionable results, prioritizing transparency and informed decision-making.\"}]","Developing a genetic return of results service core | PDF",1790750894,18]