[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-125823-en":3,"doc-seo-125823-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},125823,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",7,"Healthcare","Determining Efficient Machine Learning Techniques for Grading of Knee Osteoarthritis - read online free","Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is presented as a degenerative joint disease driven by loss of articular cartilage, motivating automated severity assessment using KL grades. The approach combines exploratory data analysis, preprocessing, and feature engineering, mapping damage levels to KL scale 0–4. Evaluation uses a public Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) dataset and compares classification models using F1 score, ROC, AUC, precision, and related metrics. Random forest and decision trees achieve strong accuracy, and the method is positioned as a cost-effective alternative to x-rays for OA detection.","Journal of Advanced Zoology  \nISSN: 0253-7214  \nVolume 44 IssueS-6 Year 2023 Page 634:642  \nDetermining Efficient Machine Learning Techniques for Grading of Knee  \nOsteoarthritis  \nBhavana V*, NallapaReddy Pooja, Shalini V R, Sarvamangala D R  \nDepartment of Computer Science & Engineering REVA University Bangalore, India  \n[R17CS244@cit.reva.edu.in](R17CS244@cit.reva.edu.in)  \n[R17CS257@cit.reva.edu.in](R17CS257@cit.reva.edu.in)  \n[R17CS299@cit.reva.edu.in](R17CS299@cit.reva.edu.in)  \n[sarvamangala.dr@reva.edu.in](sarvamangala.dr@reva.edu.in)  \n*Corresponding author’[s E-mail:](s E-mail: R17CS244@cit.reva.edu.in)[ R17CS244@cit.reva.edu.in](s E-mail: R17CS244@cit.reva.edu.in)  \n\n| Article History\u003Cbr>Received: 06 June 2023\u003Cbr>Revised: 05 Sept 2023\u003Cbr>Accepted: 29 Nov 2023\u003Cbr>CC License\u003Cbr>CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 | Abstract\u003Cbr>Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee is a degenerative joint disease mainly caused due to loss of articular cartilages. The paper introduces an approach to quantify knee osteoarthritis (OA) severity using KL grades. This approach combines EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis), Pre-processing and Feature Engineering techniques. The amount of damage to the knee can be graded using KL scale (0-4). The automated detection of Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) based on KL grades which corresponds to severity stages has been given in the paper. In the study public dataset from Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) has been used to evaluate the proposed approach with very promising results. Different accuracy metrices like F1 score, Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), Area Under Curve (AUC) and Precision were used to find the best algorithm amongst the classification models in Machine learning. Random forest and Decision trees algorithms were considered efficient giving an accuracy of 96.9% and 91. 6% respectively. Our study is an economically better approach when compared to x-rays for OA detection.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Joint space narrowing (JSN), Kellgren-Lawrence grades, Knee Osteoarthritis, Machine learning |\n| --- | --- |\n\n1. Introduction  \nKnee bears the entire body weight over its synovial hinge joint which has two condylar joints and one saddle joint. With an increasing age there is a wear and tear in these joints over time, and a gradual reduction is Joint space width (JSW) .  \nOsteoarthritis (OA) can be better understood as a degenerative disease whose major result can be knee JSN. It is the most generic chronic disease which has lot of impact on the public health.  \nKOA is well said as the loss of the knee’s articular cartilage which is the main reason to protect the bones from harsh wear and tear and joint frictions. This mainly causes the damage of bones underneath the cartilages which also affects the soft tissues surrounding it.  \nThis is the most rheumatologic problem and also the most frequent joint disease with a prevalence of 10% in male and 13% in female in US. It is mostly seen in people aged above 60years and specially in women than men, but the prevalence increases drastically with age. It causes pain, mobility limitation in people who are affected by it. Currently, no known cure is discovered for KOA, but many biological, medical and environmental risk factors are involved for the progression and development of KOA. So certain precautionary measures have to be taken to prevent this.  \nMachine learning techniques such as decision trees, k-nearest neighbour, and advanced classification models can be used to predict the stages of KOA. These methods with combined features of selection methods can be used for very large data sets which can significantly contribute in predicting the risk factors of KOA.  \nFor Knee OA severity the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system is considered to be the gold standard. The joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes formation becomes the basis for knowing  \nthe severity of KOA using KL grades. The newest and a feature specific way for grading of OA is the (OARSI) ATLAS. This allows grading","cbCaiqGO5zpxynE2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqGO5zpxynE2","pdf",501913,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Osteoarthritis and knee joint background\n## KOA grading standards (KL and OARSI)\n## KL grades and observable symptoms","[{\"question\":\"What grading system is used to quantify knee osteoarthritis severity in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system as the gold standard, with KL grades 0–4 mapped to severity stages.\"},{\"question\":\"Which methods does the proposed approach combine for grading?\",\"answer\":\"The approach integrates EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis), preprocessing, and feature engineering, followed by automated severity detection based on KL grades.\"},{\"question\":\"How are the machine learning models evaluated and which ones perform best?\",\"answer\":\"Models are compared using F1 score, ROC, AUC, precision, and related accuracy metrics. Random forest reaches about 96.9% accuracy, while decision trees reach about 91.6%.\"}]","Determining Efficient Machine Learning Techniques for Grading of Knee Osteoarthritis - read online free | PDF",1785901404,23,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"determining-efficient-machine-learning-techniques-for-grading-of-knee-osteoarthritis-read-online-free","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/determining-efficient-machine-learning-techniques-for-grading-of-knee-osteoarthritis-read-online-free/125823/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What grading system is used to quantify knee osteoarthritis severity in the paper?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study uses the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system as the gold standard, with KL grades 0–4 mapped to severity stages.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which methods does the proposed approach combine for grading?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The approach integrates EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis), preprocessing, and feature engineering, followed by automated severity detection based on KL grades.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How are the machine learning models evaluated and which ones perform best?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Models are compared using F1 score, ROC, AUC, precision, and related accuracy metrics. Random forest reaches about 96.9% accuracy, while decision trees reach about 91.6%.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,118,123,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]