[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-120387-en":3,"doc-seo-120387-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},120387,2336464648746,"Skyler","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Detecting Anxiety via Machine Learning Algorithms - A Literature Review","Recent advances in machine learning have expanded the possibilities for supporting mental health diagnosis, driving a marked growth in studies focused on anxiety detection. Anxiety is a widespread health concern, and individuals with anxiety often show distinguishable patterns in both observable signals (voice, facial expressions, gestures, movements) and less visible data (heart rate, blood tests, and brain imaging). This review surveys state-of-the-art ML approaches and organizes them by methodology and data type to support effective predictive modeling.","Detecting Anxiety via Machine Learning Algorithms: A Literature Review  \nM. -H. Tayarani-N. and Shamim Ibne Shahid  \nAbstract—Recent machine learning (ML) advances have opened up new possibilities for addressing various challenges. Given their ability to tackle complex problems, the use of ML algorithms in diagnosing mental health disorders has seen substantial growth in both the number and scope of studies. Anxiety, a major health concern in today's world, affects a significant portion of the population.  \nIndividuals with anxiety often exhibit distinct characteristics compared to those without the disorder. These differences can be observed in their outward appearance—such as voice, facial expressions, gestures, and movements—and in less visible factors like heart rate, blood test results, and brain imaging data. In this context, numerous studies have utilized ML algorithms to extract a diverse range of features from individuals with anxiety, aiming to build predictive models capable of accurately identifying those affected by the disorder. This paper performs a comprehensive literature review on the state-of-the-art studies that employ machine learning algorithms to identify anxiety. This paper aims to cover a wide range of studies and categorize them based on their methodologies and data types used.  \nIndex Terms—Anxiety Disorder, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Mental Disorder, Social Signal Processing, Affective Computing.  \n~~ ~~ F ~~ ~~  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nANXIETY is defined as a natural response to stress or threats.  \nIt is characterized by feelings of worry, unease, or apprehension and is usually associated with physical reflections including an increase in heart rate, muscle tension, restlessness, etc [1],[2] . While anxiety can be helpful by preparing individuals for dangerous situations, when it becomes excessive or prolonged it is considered a disorder. Anxiety manifests itself in different forms including Generalized Anxiety, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Separation Anxiety, and Agoraphobia. There are biological similarities between stress, fear, and anxiety; however, the main difference is that fear occurs through external factors, stress is a situation in which an individual cannot respond adequately to environmental factors [3], whereas anxiety is an emotional state that results from the inability to cope with stress and fear-inducing situations [4] and depends on uncertain threats [5] .  \nAnxiety disorder is a prevalent mental health concern, affecting around 4% of the world population [6],[7](according to the WHO 2019 report) . It is shown in studies that anxiety is correlated with negative behaviours and other mental health conditions including substance abuse, mood disorder, insomnia, depression, or suicidal tendencies [8],[9],[10]. Although the underlying causes of anxiety disorders remain unknown, several studies suggest they probably have a neurodevelopmental basis, and their initial symptoms begin to emerge during childhood [11], [12] . This means that early detection of anxiety is crucial in characterizing the mental health of individuals. However, the accuracy of clinical approaches in detecting GAD is fairly low [1], [2] . Several methods have been proposed in the literature to improve the accuracy of diagnosis which include using biomarkers [13], neuroanatomical predictors,  \n􀀏 M. -H. Tayarani-N.  \n[E-mail:](E-mail: fmohammad.tayaranig@glasgow.ac.uk)[ f](E-mail: fmohammad.tayaranig@glasgow.ac.uk)[mohammad.tayarani](E-mail: fmohammad.tayaranig@glasgow.ac.uk)[g](E-mail: fmohammad.tayaranig@glasgow.ac.uk)[@glasgow.ac.uk](E-mail: fmohammad.tayaranig@glasgow.ac.uk)  \n.  \ncortisol levels [14], [15], and where neuroimaging or blood tests are not available, self-report screening measures [16] .  \nAnxiety is an interesting subject to study as it occurs in two forms, state and trait anxiety. State ","cbCaifiZYWaOPFYI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifiZYWaOPFYI","pdf",263584,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Anxiety definitions and clinical relevance\n## Anxiety disorder prevalence and associated conditions\n## Measuring anxiety: forms and assessment methods","[{\"question\":\"How does the review define anxiety and anxiety disorder?\",\"answer\":\"Anxiety is described as a natural response to stress or threats, involving worry, unease, or apprehension with physical reflections. When anxiety becomes excessive or prolonged, it is considered a disorder.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of signals are used to detect anxiety in ML studies?\",\"answer\":\"Studies extract features from both outward signals (voice, facial expressions, gestures, movements) and less visible factors such as heart rate, blood test results, and brain imaging data.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is early detection of anxiety emphasized in the review?\",\"answer\":\"Early detection is crucial for characterizing individuals’ mental health, and clinical approaches in detecting specific anxiety conditions such as GAD are reported to have limited accuracy.\"}]","Detecting Anxiety via Machine Learning Algorithms - A Literature Review | PDF",1785729773,58,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"detecting-anxiety-via-machine-learning-algorithms-a-literature-review","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/detecting-anxiety-via-machine-learning-algorithms-a-literature-review/120387/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the review define anxiety and anxiety disorder?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Anxiety is described as a natural response to stress or threats, involving worry, unease, or apprehension with physical reflections. When anxiety becomes excessive or prolonged, it is considered a disorder.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What types of signals are used to detect anxiety in ML studies?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Studies extract features from both outward signals (voice, facial expressions, gestures, movements) and less visible factors such as heart rate, blood test results, and brain imaging data.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why is early detection of anxiety emphasized in the review?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Early detection is crucial for characterizing individuals’ mental health, and clinical approaches in detecting specific anxiety conditions such as GAD are reported to have limited accuracy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]