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Traces are copper conducting paths that electrically connect components without external wires.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How are PCB materials classified in the document?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The document classifies materials by reinforced material type (e.g., paper board, epoxy glass cloth, composite board, HDI board, special board) and by resin type (epoxy resin, polyester resin, PI resin).",{"name":74,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What mechanical and electrical properties are highlighted for PCB materials?",{"text":76,"@type":64},"Mechanical properties include flexural (bending) strength, time to delamination, density, and peel strength. 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When PCB is not developed, at that time all components are connected with a wire which increases complexity and decreases reliability of the circuit, by this way we cannot make a very large circuit like motherboard. In PCB, all components are connected without wires; all components are connected internally, so it will reduce the complexity of the overall circuit design. PCB is used to provide electricity and connectivity between the components, by which it functions the way it was designed. PCBs can be customised for any specifications to user requirements. It can be found in many electronics devices like; TV, Mobile, Digital camera, Computers parts like; Graphic cards, Motherboard, etc. It also used in many fields like; medical devices, industrial machinery, automotive industries, lighting, etc.  \nDifferent Parts of PCB:  \nPad: Pad is nothing but a piece of copper on which lead of components are mounted and on which soldering are done. Pad provides the mechanical support to the components.  \nTrace: In PCB, components are not connected with the help of wires. All components are connected with a conducting material like copper. This copper part of PCB is used to connect all components that is known as trace. Trace is looks like below figure.  \nLayers: According to application, cost and available space of circuit, user can choose the layer of PCB. Most simple in construction, easy to design and most useful in routine life is single layer PCB. But for very large and complex circuit, double layer PCB or Multi-layer PCB is most preferred compared to single layer PCB. Now a day, in multi-layer PCB, 10-12 layers can be connected and most critical thing is to communicate between the components in different layer.  \nSilk layer: Silk layer is used for printing line, text or any art on the surface of PCB. Usually, for screen printing epoxy ink is used. Silk layer can be used in top and/or bottom layer of PCB according to user requirement which is known as silk screen TOP and silk screen BOTTOM.  \nTop and bottom layer: In Top layer of PCB, all components are mounted in this layer of PCB. Generally, this layer is green coloured. In bottom layer of PCB, all components are soldered through the hole and lead of components is known as bottom layer of PCB. Sometime, in top and/or bottom layer PCB is coated with green colour layer, which is known as solder mask.  \nSolder Mask: There is one additional layer on the top of copper layer called as Solder Mask. This layer generally has green colour but it can be of any colour. This insulating layer is used for to prevent accidental contact of pads with other conductive material on PCB.  \nPCB Materials:  \nThe main element is dielectric substrate which is rigid or flexible. This dielectric substrate is used with conducting material like copper on it. As dielectric material, the glass epoxy laminates or composite materials are used.  \n1) FR4:  \nFR is stand for FIRE RETARDENT. For all type of PCB manufacturing, most common glass laminated material is FR4 . Based on woven glass-epoxy  \ncompounds, FR4 is a composite material which is most useful because it provides very good mechanical strength.  \n2) FR-1 and FR-2:  \nThis material is made from paper and phenol compounds and this material is used for only single layer PCB. Both FR1 and FR2 has similar characteristic, the only difference is glass transition temperature. FR1 has higher glass transition temperature compared to FR2 . These materials are also sub divided in standard, halogen free and non-hydrophobic.  \n3) CEM-1:  \nThis material is made from paper and two layer of woven glass epoxy and phenol compounds and this ma","cbCaig6A3sxnUCWp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig6A3sxnUCWp","pdf",1355352,"English","# PCB-Introduction\n# Different Parts of PCB\n## Pad\n## Trace\n## Layers\n## Silk layer\n## Top and bottom layer\n## Solder Mask\n# PCB Materials\n# PCB Material Properties\n## Mechanical Properties\n## Electrical Properties","[{\"question\":\"What problem does a PCB solve compared with wiring components separately?\",\"answer\":\"A PCB connects components internally on one board, reducing overall circuit complexity and improving reliability compared with connecting everything using wires.\"},{\"question\":\"What are pads and traces in a PCB?\",\"answer\":\"Pads are copper areas where component leads are mounted and soldered, providing mechanical support. Traces are copper conducting paths that electrically connect components without external wires.\"},{\"question\":\"How are PCB materials classified in the document?\",\"answer\":\"The document classifies materials by reinforced material type (e.g., paper board, epoxy glass cloth, composite board, HDI board, special board) and by resin type (epoxy resin, polyester resin, PI resin).\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanical and electrical properties are highlighted for PCB materials?\",\"answer\":\"Mechanical properties include flexural (bending) strength, time to delamination, density, and peel strength. Electrical properties include dielectric constant (dk), relative permittivity, and surface resistivity.\"}]","Designing and Fabrication of PCB | PDF",101]