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This study performs full photoacoustic characterization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped agarose hydrogels, quantifying optical absorption, reduced scattering, isobaric heat capacity, mass density, speed of sound, and acoustic attenuation across agarose and TiO2 concentration ranges. Derived constitutive laws enable TMMs with tailored properties that replicate healthy intervertebral disc characteristics and support future quantification of disc degeneration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/design-and-characterisation-of-intervertebral-disc-mimicking-phantoms-for-photoacoustic-imaging/444110/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/design-and-characterisation-of-intervertebral-disc-mimicking-phantoms-for-photoacoustic-imaging/444110.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-04","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are tissue-mimicking materials needed for photoacoustic imaging in clinical translation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Calibrated tissue-mimicking materials are required to validate algorithms and ease the transfer of photoacoustic imaging into clinical settings.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which physical properties were quantified for the TiO2 doped agarose hydrogels?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Optical absorption (490–835 nm), reduced scattering (590–815 nm), isobaric heat capacity, mass density, speed of sound, and acoustic attenuation were quantified.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the developed phantoms support studies of intervertebral disc degeneration?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Photoacoustic probing showed the hydrogels can accurately replicate healthy intervertebral disc properties, enabling a first step toward quantifying disc degeneration.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},444110,1790779374,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Photoacoustics 47 (2026) 100783  \n| Research article\u003Cbr>Design and characterisation of intervertebral disc mimicking phantoms for photoacoustic imaging✩ , ✩✩\u003Cbr>Roman Allais a, Valentin Espinasb, Antoine Capart b, Anabela Da Silva b, Olivier Boiron a ,∗\u003Cbr>a Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, IRPHE, Marseille, France bAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| Keywords: Photoacoustics Intervertebral disc Phantoms |  | Photoacoustics has gained momentum as a new medical imaging technique owing to its ability to benefit from good optical contrast and acoustic resolution. To ease transfer into clinical settings and validate the algorithms, calibrated tissue-mimicking materials (TMM) are required. This paper describes a complete photoacoustic characterisation of a line of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped agarose hydrogels whose optical absorption (490–835 nm), reduced scattering (590–815 nm), isobaric heat capacity, mass density, speed of sound and acoustic attenuation were quantified for an agarose concentration up to 4% w/w and a TiO2 concentration ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL. Empirical constitutive laws as a function of the concentrations of the components were derived, enabling the creation of TMM with tailored properties. Results showed that these phantoms are suitable candidates to mimic the photoacoustic properties of various soft tissues including intervertebral discs (IVD). Photoacoustic probings performed on an IVD-mimicking phantom and six healthy porcine discs demonstrated the ability of these TMM to accurately replicate healthy IVD properties; this could serve as a first step towards an application of photoacoustic imaging to quantifying disc degeneration. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nLow back pain is a significant clinical and societal problem that affects the majority of the population at some stage in their lives. Additionally, a recent analysis identified low back and neck pain asthe leading cause of years lost to disability worldwide [1]. This condition not only impacts the health and quality of life of patients but also imposes considerable societal and financial burdens; therefore, preventing and managing the condition is of prime interest. Although all the mechanisms related to low back pain are not fully understood, it is acknowledged to be correlated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration [2]. This degenerative process starts quite early in life but typically remains asymptomatic for years. Its main dynamic is the progressive desiccation of the medium and after a few decades, pain might appear leading to a diagnosis made using qualitative grading schemes derived from MRI. Hence, there is currently a clinical need for a more quantitative and reliable diagnosis.  \nPhotoacoustic imaging (PA) is a promising candidate because it enables non-invasive, quantitative and spectroscopic probing of soft tissues. PA can be summed up as a three-step process: a nanosecond light pulse is emitted on the medium to probe, where the absorbed  \nlight induces a brief thermoelastic expansion followed by an acoustic wave [3]; hence, PA combines both optical contrast and acoustic resolution. Indeed, optical techniques benefit from a good contrast based on the chromophores spectra but struggle to image deep tissues with sufficient resolution because of the high scattering of visible to nearinfrared light in biological tissues. Conversely, sound is less scattered than light in biological tissues which enables ultrasound imaging to image deeper regions but at the cost of a lower contrast. PA has been shown a growing interest for the past twenty years in clinical applications such as oximetry [4] or cancer detection [5]. Additionally, preliminary studies on porcine lumbar discs suggest its potential utility in retrieving biological markers of IVD degeneration, namely, water and collagen concentrations [6,7].  \nBef","cbCainbuIVTOCNFg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainbuIVTOCNFg","pdf",3376034,15,"English","# Introduction\n## Photoacoustic imaging and motivation for quantitative diagnosis\n## Role of tissue-mimicking materials (TMM)\n## Multiphysical characterization background","[{\"question\":\"Why are tissue-mimicking materials needed for photoacoustic imaging in clinical translation?\",\"answer\":\"Calibrated tissue-mimicking materials are required to validate algorithms and ease the transfer of photoacoustic imaging into clinical settings.\"},{\"question\":\"Which physical properties were quantified for the TiO2 doped agarose hydrogels?\",\"answer\":\"Optical absorption (490–835 nm), reduced scattering (590–815 nm), isobaric heat capacity, mass density, speed of sound, and acoustic attenuation were quantified.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the developed phantoms support studies of intervertebral disc degeneration?\",\"answer\":\"Photoacoustic probing showed the hydrogels can accurately replicate healthy intervertebral disc properties, enabling a first step toward quantifying disc degeneration.\"}]","Design and characterisation of intervertebral disc mimicking phantoms for photoacoustic imaging | PDF",1790706905,38]