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A significant effect size emerged between “high” and “average” overall quality-of-life ratings, suggesting either fewer adverse effects in the superintendency or mitigating female responses to the role.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/demographic-effects-on-quality-of-life-among-superintendents-research-study/592711/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/demographic-effects-on-quality-of-life-among-superintendents-research-study/592711.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mimi","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How is quality of life defined in this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Quality of life is defined as the individual’s subjective evaluation of how well important needs, goals, and values are fulfilled, leading to general happiness or well-being.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What data source and sample size were used?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The study uses quantitative survey data from the Quality of Life Inventory, collected from 341 Illinois superintendents, including 87 females and 254 males.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What did the study find about gender and quality of life scores?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Female superintendents recorded higher mean scores in perceived quality of life across 13 of 16 life areas, and a significant effect size was found between “high” and “average” overall quality of life ratings.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},592711,1792191776,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":117,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":104,"preview_page_count":4},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Demographic Effects on Quality of Life among  \nSuperintendents  \nBy Debra J. Heffernan 􀀍 Teresa A. Wasonga†  \nThe purpose of this study was to explore quality of life and demographic influences among Illinois school district superintendents. Quality of Life was defined as\"individual’s subjective evaluation of the degree to which his or her most important needs, goals, and values are fulfilled\" (Frisch, 1992, p. 29) leading to general state of happiness or well-being. Quantitative survey (Quality of Life Inventory) data came from 341 (40%) superintendents. Of these respondents, 87 were females and 254 were males. Female superintendents recorded higher mean scores in perceived levels of quality of life in 13 of 16 life areas. A significant effect size was found between superintends scoring \"high\" and those scoring \"average\" on overall quality of life. The findings indicate that either the superintendency has less adverse effects on female superintendents’ quality of life or female responses to the job mitigates the adverse effects.  \nKeywords: demographics, female school leaders, gender, quality of life, superintendents  \nIntroduction  \nIn 1909, Ella Flagg, the first female superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools, predicted that women would eventually \"rule the schools\" due to the innate ability of the female gender and the nature of the field of education (Dobberteen, 1996) . More than one hundred years have passed since her prediction, and although more than 20% of school district superintendencies in the state of Illinois are held by women, white males continue to hold the sovereign reigns over public education in the United States (Glass, Bjork & Brunner, 2000) . Historically, women are over-represented in the classroom setting and under-represented in administrative positions. For example, while Shakeshaft (1991) found that more than 80% of elementary teachers and 50% of secondary teachers were female in 1985; a significant under-representation of female administrators is noted in the research (Kowalski, McCord, Petersen, Young, & Ellerson, 2011; Glass, Bjork, & Brunner, 2000) .  \nBy 1992, the American Association of School Administrators (AASA) found that the number of female superintendents nationwide had doubled to 6.6%, and again doubled by 2000 to 13.1%(Glass, Bjork, & Brunner, 2000) . But, despite advances in training and increased numbers of females completing advanced degree programs, majority of school leadership positions continue to  \n􀀍 School Administrator, Lincoln-Way Area Special Education Cooperative District 843, USA.† Professor, Northern Illinois University, USA.  \n[https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.4-2-4](https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.4-2-4) doi=10.30958/aje.4-2-4  \nbe held by white males (Kowalski et al., 2011; Brunner & Kim, 2010; Glass, Bjork & Brunner, 2000) . It is therefore clear that the shortage of females in the superintendency is less likely the absence of women in the profession or educational preparation. In fact, women aspiring to, or are currently superintendents meet and exceed preparation and expected requirements (Brunner & Kim, 2010) . One area that has not been given adequate consideration in the superintendency, despite findings that this position is personally demanding, professionally challenging, stressful (Glass, 2000) and emotionally draining (Wallace, 2010); is its influence on work related quality of life outcomes - \"a measure of life satisfaction that may complement symptom oriented measures of psychological functioning\" in everyday life (Frisch, Comell, Villanueva & Rezziaff, 1992, p. 92) and whose outcomes may have impact on mental health and general well-being (Frisch, 1998) . As in other leadership roles, research has found that potential for job-related stress and the time requirements for the superintendency has been a deterrent, especially to females seeking the superintendency (Glass, 2000; Newton, 2001; Tebben & Coxwell, 2001) . However, Brunner and Kim (2010) disagree. ","cbCaihsylhXrYia4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihsylhXrYia4","pdf",568630,"English","# Introduction\n# Review of the Literature\n## Quality of Life Inventory Framework","[{\"question\":\"How is quality of life defined in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Quality of life is defined as the individual’s subjective evaluation of how well important needs, goals, and values are fulfilled, leading to general happiness or well-being.\"},{\"question\":\"What data source and sample size were used?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses quantitative survey data from the Quality of Life Inventory, collected from 341 Illinois superintendents, including 87 females and 254 males.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study find about gender and quality of life scores?\",\"answer\":\"Female superintendents recorded higher mean scores in perceived quality of life across 13 of 16 life areas, and a significant effect size was found between “high” and “average” overall quality of life ratings.\"}]","Demographic Effects on Quality of Life among Superintendents - Research Study | PDF",1792075173]