[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-43278-en":3,"doc-seo-43278-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":11,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},43278,1374391975076,"Riley","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051",2,"Literature","Democracy Realized The Progressive Alternative","Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative presents a structured case for a progressive transformation of democracy and political economy. It develops the concept of democratic experimentalism, contrasts it with neoliberalism and related discontents, and outlines programs to reorganize firms and institutions. The book proposes an early and later alternative built on taxation, saving and investment, social policy, participation, and educational renewal, supported by a constitutional and legal manifesto.","Democracy Realized  \nDemocracy Realized The Progressive Alternative  \nROBERTO MANGABEIRA UNGER  \nVERSO London • New York  \nFirst published by Verso I998  \n© Roberto Mangabeira Unger 1998  \nAll rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted  \nVerso  \nUK: 6 Meard Street, London WIV 3HR US: 180 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014-4606  \nVerso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN 1-85984-983-0  \nBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Unger, Roberto Mangabeira  \nDemocracy realized : the progressive alternative I Roberto Mangabeira Unger.  \np. em.  \nIncludes index.  \nISBN 1-85984-983-0 (cloth)  \n1. Democracy. 2. Economic policy. 3. Social Policy. I. Title. JC423.U49 1998  \n321.8-dc21 98-30216 CIP  \nTypeset by SetSystems Ltd, Saffron Walden Printed by Biddies Ltd, Guildford and Kings Lynn  \nCONTENTS  \nI AN ARGUMENT 1  \nDEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENTALISM IN TROUBLE 3  \nWHAT IS DEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENTALISM? 5  \nPractical progress and individual emancipation 5  \nDemocratic experimentalism and ordinary people 10  \nInstitutional innovation 16  \nFalse necessity and alternative pluralisms 20  \nPlan of the book 27  \nVANGUARDS AND REARGUARDS 30  \nThe idea of the hierarchical distribution of production 30  \nVanguardist production defined 32  \nFour typical situations 35  \nCompensating or overcoming the division between  \nvanguard and rearguard 40  \nTHREE PROGRAMS FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF FIRMS 41  \nThe managerial program of industrial renovation 41  \nThe social-democratic response 44  \nThe radical-democratic alternative 48  \nVl CONTENTS  \nNEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS 52  \nNeoliberalism defined 52  \nFrom the micro to the macro; from the rich countries to the world at large 58  \nThe false necessity of comparative advantage 63  \nThe unstable relation between neoliberal economics and neoliberal politics 67  \nThe search for alternatives to neoliberalism in the rich countries 72  \nThe search for alternatives to neoliberalism in the  \ndeveloping countries 79  \nThe seats of resistance: the large marginalized countries 84  \nNational rebellion and international organization 84  \nRussia 89  \nChina 105  \nBrazil 112  \nA PROGRESSIVE ALTERNATIVE 133  \nTwo stages of an alternative 133  \nThe early program: taxation, saving, and investment 139  \nTaxation redesigned 139  \nPension reform 148  \nSaving and production 150  \nThe early program: wages and welfare 163  \nRedistributive social policy and institutional innovation 163  \nThe participation ofwages in national income 169  \nFree capital and unfree labor: the international context ofthe commitment to heighten the wage takefrom national income 175  \nSocial entitlements and social action 182  \nThe early program: coordination decentralized 187  \nTwo tasks: the mobilization ofsavings for investment and the difusion ofvanguardist practices 187  \nAntiexperimentalist illusions 188  \nExamples and warnings: national governments and family  \nfo􀀂 1􀀬  \nExamples and warnings: strategic coordination and hard states in North East Asia 191  \nExamples and warnings: industrial reorganization in the rich countries 197  \nEconomic vanguardism reoriented 199  \nThe early program: from democratic education to social inheritance 204  \nThe later program: redistribution and antidualism 206  \nEarly and later programs redefined 206  \nThe redistributive side 207  \nThe antidualist side 210  \nThe later program: a deepened democracy and an  \nemancipatory school 212  \nThe constitutionalism of accelerated politics 213  \nThe heightening ofpolitical participation 217  \nThe independent organization of civil society 220  \nThe school 229  \nThe triple gamble of democratic experimentalism 235  \nProgram and risk 235  \nThe risk ofinstability: strong politics, weak groups 237  \nThe risk offailure in agency: the missing agent of inclusive politics 240  \nThe risk of conflict between personal need and the demands of","cbCaigT8kDqfW31E","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigT8kDqfW31E","pdf",8058828,1,326,"English","en",105,"# An Argument\n## Democratic experimentalism in trouble\n## Three programs for the reorganization of firms\n## Neoliberalism and its discontents\n## A progressive alternative\n## Beyond institutions\n# A Manifesto\n## Constitutional organization of government and electoral politics\n## Organization of civil society and protection of rights\n## Organization of public finance and the economy\n## Democracy and the left\n## Appendix on saving and investment","[{\"question\":\"What is democratic experimentalism, and why does it face difficulties?\",\"answer\":\"The book frames democratic experimentalism as an approach to practical progress and individual emancipation through institutional innovation. It also explains that it encounters trouble through false necessity, institutional constraints, and risks tied to political strength and inclusive agency.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book position its progressive alternative against neoliberalism?\",\"answer\":\"It defines neoliberalism and traces its economic and political linkages, then challenges the assumptions behind comparative advantage and the search for alternatives from rich and developing countries. The progressive alternative is presented as a substantive reorganization of policies, firms, and institutions rather than a minor adjustment.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main elements of the proposed alternative program?\",\"answer\":\"The early program emphasizes redesigned taxation, pension reform, saving and production, and wage-and-welfare arrangements alongside decentralized coordination. The later program deepens democracy through redistribution and an emancipatory school, expanding political participation and strengthening civil society.\"}]",1783379544,502,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"democracy-realized-the-progressive-alternative","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,52,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,46,49],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":47,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":50,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/democracy-realized-the-progressive-alternative/43278/",4,{"url":50,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":40,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":11},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What is democratic experimentalism, and why does it face difficulties?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The book frames democratic experimentalism as an approach to practical progress and individual emancipation through institutional innovation. It also explains that it encounters trouble through false necessity, institutional constraints, and risks tied to political strength and inclusive agency.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How does the book position its progressive alternative against neoliberalism?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It defines neoliberalism and traces its economic and political linkages, then challenges the assumptions behind comparative advantage and the search for alternatives from rich and developing countries. The progressive alternative is presented as a substantive reorganization of policies, firms, and institutions rather than a minor adjustment.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What are the main elements of the proposed alternative program?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"The early program emphasizes redesigned taxation, pension reform, saving and production, and wage-and-welfare arrangements alongside decentralized coordination. The later program deepens democracy through redistribution and an emancipatory school, expanding political participation and strengthening civil society.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":50,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":50},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,99,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},80,"literature",{"id":51,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]