[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-47192-en":3,"doc-seo-47192-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},47192,5909877438554,"Maeve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600025385ad2bf12a7?_k=1778553567797529272",8,"Research & Report","Degradation of Antibiotics Using BiVO4/ZnO Photocatalysts: Effect of Composition on Photocatalytic Performance","Heterogeneous photocatalysis addresses removal of toxic organic pollutants by using semiconductor oxides, and microwave-assisted synthesis enables rapid, uniform catalyst fabrication via direct microwave–solvent interaction. BiVO4, ZnO, and BiVO4/ZnO heterojunctions with varying BiVO4 loadings (20%, 50%, 80%) were synthesized without subsequent high-temperature calcination. XRD confirmed monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 and hexagonal wurtzite ZnO; UV–Vis yielded bandgaps of 2.29–3.16 eV. Surface area and Raman/morphological analyses supported structural characterization. Photocatalytic tests against methylene blue and antibiotics (TC, CIP) showed the 20BVZO catalyst delivered 64.43% TC degradation at 0.3 g/L.","J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2025) 36:2151  \nDegradation of antibiotics using BiVO₄/ ZnO photocatalysts: effect of composition on photocatalytic performance  \nVíctor Alfonso Sánchez Fleites1 , Erik Ramírez Morales1 , Subramaniam Velumani2 ,  \nMaria Guadalupe Hernández Cruz1 , Christian Ivan Enriquez Flores3 , and Lizeth Rojas Blanco1,*  \n1 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Avenida Universidad S/NZona de La Cultura, Colonia Magisterial, CP 86690 Villahermosa Centro, Tabasco, Mexico  \n2 J. Mike Walker ‘66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA  \n3 Libramiento Norponiente No. 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, C.P. 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, México  \nReceived: 1 June 2025  \nAccepted: 13 November 2025 Published online:  \n25 November 2025  \n© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature, 2025  \nABSTRACT  \nHeterogeneous photocatalysis has demonstrated efficacy for the removal of toxic organic pollutants using semiconductor oxides. Microwave-assisted synthesis is a very attractive method for the fabrication of photocatalysts since microwave irradiation interacts directly with the solvent molecules due to its dielectric properties, and a uniform and rapid heating can be achieved. IIn this work, BiVO₄, ZnO, and BiVO₄/ZnO heterojunctions with different BiVO₄ loadings (20BVZO, 50BVZO, and 80BVZO, corresponding to 20%, 50%, and 80% BiVO₄, respectively) were synthesized via a microwave-assisted method without any subsequent hightemperature calcination. It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis that the crystal structures obtained were monoclinic scheelite for BiVO4 and hexagonal wurtzite for ZnO. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy technique was performed to determine the bandgap of the materials: 2.29–3.16 eV. Surface area analysis of the samples was performed to determine the surface measurements of the materials. The specific surface area of the ZnO, BiVO4, 20BVZO, 50BVZO, and 80BVZO samples was found to be 8 .53, 0 .72, 7 .99, 5 .91, and 3.59 m2/g, respectively. To complement the structural information, a Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed. The morphological analysis was carried out to determine the particle size and the distribution of particles. The photocatalytic activity of BiVO4/ZnO compounds in comparison with bare BiVO4 and pristine ZnO was tested for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) . The 20BVZO sample revealed enhanced photocatalytic performance (64.43%) among other compounds for tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) photodegradation with a photocatalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L.  \nAddress correspondence to E-mail: [lizethrb@gmail.com](lizethrb@gmail.com); [lizeth.rojas@ujat.mx](lizeth.rojas@ujat.mx)  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16211-x](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-16211-x)  \n2151 Page 2 of 20 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2025) 36:2151  \n1 Introduction  \nWater pollution is a major concern worldwide. Water bodies continue to deteriorate due to human activity and the growth of certain industries, such as pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural. Their effluentshave been found to contain significant amounts of harmful and toxic substances, including surfactants, heavy metals, agrochemicals, and antibiotics [1–3] . Therefore, cost-effective water treatment technologies that are efficient in not removing but eliminating these contaminants are needed to protect water resources [4] .  \nSeveral techniques such as chemical precipitation have been used for wastewater treatment; however, incomplete removal of pollutants and the generation of sub-products are the main drawbacks of the conventional methods [4]. This is how advanced oxidation processes come into play as one of the widely accepted emerging technologies for water remediation: heterogeneous photocatalysis is considered one of the most promising; its advantages include low co","cbCaitmlKbZrlh66","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitmlKbZrlh66","pdf",6634055,2,1,20,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Water pollution and advanced oxidation processes\n## Photocatalysis with ZnO: strengths and limitations\n## BiVO4 properties and need for enhancement\n## BiVO4 composite and heterojunction strategies\n# Materials and Methods\n## Microwave-assisted synthesis\n## Characterization (XRD, UV–Vis, surface area, Raman, morphology)\n# Photocatalytic Performance\n## Degradation tests for dyes and antibiotics\n## Effect of BiVO4 loading on TC degradation","[{\"question\":\"Why use microwave-assisted synthesis for BiVO4/ZnO photocatalysts?\",\"answer\":\"Microwave irradiation interacts directly with solvent molecules, enabling uniform and rapid heating during catalyst fabrication.\"},{\"question\":\"What crystal structures were identified for BiVO4 and ZnO?\",\"answer\":\"XRD confirmed monoclinic scheelite for BiVO4 and hexagonal wurtzite for ZnO.\"},{\"question\":\"How does catalyst composition affect antibiotic degradation results?\",\"answer\":\"Varying BiVO4 loading in the BiVO4/ZnO heterojunctions changes photocatalytic performance; the 20BVZO sample achieved 64.43% tetracycline hydrochloride degradation at 0.3 g/L.\"}]",1783554483,50,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"degradation-of-antibiotics-using-bivo4zno-photocatalysts-effect-of-composition-on-photocatalytic-performance","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/degradation-of-antibiotics-using-bivo4zno-photocatalysts-effect-of-composition-on-photocatalytic-performance/47192/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-12","2026-07-08",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why use microwave-assisted synthesis for BiVO4/ZnO photocatalysts?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Microwave irradiation interacts directly with solvent molecules, enabling uniform and rapid heating during catalyst fabrication.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What crystal structures were identified for BiVO4 and ZnO?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"XRD confirmed monoclinic scheelite for BiVO4 and hexagonal wurtzite for ZnO.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does catalyst composition affect antibiotic degradation results?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Varying BiVO4 loading in the BiVO4/ZnO heterojunctions changes photocatalytic performance; 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