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Covers core ideas such as atomic and molecular structure, bonding-related quantities, chemical equations and yield, and fundamental units like mole and molar mass. Includes atomic structure and periodic trends, explaining electrons, isotopes, ionisation energies, nuclear charge, orbitals, and related mass spectrometry concepts for consistent problem understanding.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/definitions-and-concepts-for-edexcel-ial-chemistry-a-level/493677/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/definitions-and-concepts-for-edexcel-ial-chemistry-a-level/493677.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"นรินทร์","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-08","2026-10-01",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is an atom economy and why is it used in chemistry equations?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Atom economy measures the proportion of reacting atoms that become part of the desired product in the balanced chemical equation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do you define a mole and what quantity does it represent?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A mole is the unit for the amount of substance: the amount of chemical species found in 12 g of 12C. 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All substances are made up of atoms.  \nAtom economy: Measure of the proportion of reacting atoms that become part of thedesired product in the balanced chemical equation.  \nAvogadro constant (L) : The number of atoms, molecules or ions in one moleof a givensubstance. Itis the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 (6.02 x 1023mol) .  \nCompound: A substance that combines two or more different elements through theformation of chemical bonds.  \nElement: A substance that contains one typeof atom only. Atoms of the same element allhave the same number of protons.  \nEmpirical formula: Smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.For example, the empirical formula of benzene (C6 H6), cyclobutadiene (C4 H4) and acetylene(C2 H2) are all simply “CH”.  \nIon: Formed when an atom loses or gains electrons. This gives it an overall charge - apositive charge if it has lost at least one electronand a negative charge if it has gained atleast one electron.  \nIonic equation: A chemical equation that involves dissociated ions.  \nMolar mass: Mass of one mole of a substance expressed in g/mol.  \nMole: The unit forthe amount of substance. This isthe amount of chemical species found in  \n12 g of 12C. One mole is 6.02 x 1023 .  \nMolecular formula: The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.  \nMolecule: Formed from two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.  \nPercentage yield: The percentage ratio of the actual yield of product from a reactioncompared with the theoretical yield.  \nRelative atomic mass: Average mass of an atom of an element, relative to 1/12 of the massof an atom of carbon-12 .  \nRelative formula mass: Average mass of a compound relative to 1/12 of the mass of anatom of carbon-12 . Relative formula mass refers to compounds that have a giant structure.  \nRelative molecular mass: Average mass of a molecule relative to 1/12 of the mass of anatom of carbon-12 .  \nState symbol: State symbols show the physical state of the substance during thereaction,they are usually in brackets: gas (g), liquid(l), solid(s) and aqueous(aq) . Aqueous means thesubstance is dissolved in water.  \n## Topic 2: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table\n\nAtomic/Proton number: The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of aparticular element.  \nBoiling temperature: The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid state toa gaseous state.  \nDiatomic molecule: A molecule containing two atoms that are chemically bonded to eachother, e.g. Cl2 .  \nElectron: Negatively charged subatomic particle which orbit the nucleus at various energylevels. Relative mass of 1/2000 .  \nElectron subshell: Divisions of electron shells which are each at slightly different energylevels. The subshells have different numbers of orbitals which can each hold up to twoelectrons. The first four types of sub-shell are: s, p, dand f.  \nElectronic configuration: The distribution of electronsof an atom in its orbitals.  \nE.g. Ca: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 .  \nEndothermic reaction: A reaction which takes in energy from the surroundings so that thetemperature of the surroundings decreases. The energy needed to break bonds in thereactants is greater than the energy released from forming new bonds in the products.  \nFirst ionisation energy: The energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole ofgaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions. For example, Mg(g)→ Mg+(g) +e- .  \nIsotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a differentnumber of neutrons in the nucleus, e.g. 35Cl and 37Cl.  \nMass number: Sum of number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.  \nMass spec","cbCaifiK4JQDYKCb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifiK4JQDYKCb","pdf",259700,11,"English","# Topic 1: Formulae, Equations and Amount of Substance\n## Topic 2: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table","[{\"question\":\"What is an atom economy and why is it used in chemistry equations?\",\"answer\":\"Atom economy measures the proportion of reacting atoms that become part of the desired product in the balanced chemical equation.\"},{\"question\":\"How do you define a mole and what quantity does it represent?\",\"answer\":\"A mole is the unit for the amount of substance: the amount of chemical species found in 12 g of 12C. One mole corresponds to 6.02 × 10^23.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between melting temperature and boiling temperature?\",\"answer\":\"Melting temperature is the temperature where a substance changes from solid to liquid, while boiling temperature is where it changes from liquid to gaseous state.\"}]","Definitions and Concepts for Edexcel IAL Chemistry A-level | PDF",1790884956,28]