[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-138907-en":3,"doc-seo-138907-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},138907,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",2,"Literature","DEFIANCE, A POSTCOLONIAL NOVEL BY THE ETHIOPIAN ABBIE GUBEGNA - THE RIGHTS OF A FREE PEOPLE UNDER ITALIAN FASCISM","Article studies Ethiopia’s diverse cultural, linguistic, and literary heritage and examines how European colonialism, first Italian and then British, affected it. It focuses on the 1975 English-language novel Defiance by Abbie Gubegna, grounded in earlier Amharic texts, as a literary case that symbolizes resistance to invading Italian Fascism and deep appreciation of indigenous Ethiopian culture. The discussion extends to the status of postcolonial Ethiopian literature in English, highlighting its limited visibility for many readers.","DEFIANCE, A POSTCOLONIAL NOVEL BY THE ETHIOPIAN ABBIE GUBEGNA: THE RIGHTS OF A FREE PEOPLE UNDER ITALIAN FASCISM  \nJuan Miguel ZARANDONA  \nUniversidad de Valladolid  \nThis article seeks to divulge general knowledge about the varied and rich cultural, linguistic and literary heritage of the oldest African nation, i.e. , Ethiopia. In addition, it studies in some detail the impact of European colonialism on that heritage: firstly, Italian and then British colonialism, and finally the constant struggle of the proud Ethiopian people for their freedom against any invader. Among the literary examples provided as case studies, attention will be mainly focused on a 1975 novel —Defiance— by the Ethiopian writer Abbie Gubegna. This novel was published in English, but it is based on previous texts in Amharic, the national language of culture and literature. It clearly and effectively symbolizes all the ideas in play: from the struggle against invading Italian Fascism to the deep appreciation of Ethiopia’s indigenous culture. The article ends with a discussion of postcolonial Ethiopian literature in English, which until now remains largely unknown for many readers.  \nKey words: Ethiopia, Defiance, Abbie Gubegna, poscolonial literature, translation, Italian Fascism.  \nDefiance, una Novela Poscolonial Escrita por e l Etíope Abbie Gubeg na: los Derechos de un Pueblo Libre bajo el Fascism o Italiano  \nEl presente artículo busca difundir el conocimiento general de las ricas y múltiples realidades culturales, lingüísticas y literarias de la nación más antigua de África, Etiopía. Igualmente, se estudiará el impacto del colonialismo europeo sobre estas realidades antes mencionadas, en especial el italiano, aunque también el británico, y la lucha constante del orgulloso pueblo etíope por su libertad ante cualquier invasor. Entre los ejemplos literarios que se aportarán para suestudio, la mayor atención estará dedicada a una novela de un escritor etíope, cuya novela de 1975, Defiance, escrita en inglés, aunque con antecedentes enamhárico, la lengua culta nacional del país, simboliza todo lo expuesto de manera clara y efectiva: desde la lucha de liberación contra el fascismo italiano invasor, hasta el aprecio por la cultura propia. Además, se defenderá la idea dela existencia de una literatura poscolonial etíope en lengua inglesa, hecho apenas conocido.  \nPalabras clave: Etiopía, Defiance, Abbie Gubegna, literatura poscolonial, traducción, fascismo italiano.   \n1. Introduction  \nTo begin with, it is not a very well–known fact that, from the late  \n1960s and early 1970s, most unexpectedly, a new postcolonial Afri  \ncan literature in English was born: that of Ethiopia, a nation that officially did not know direct British colonial rule and that has always been a country proud of its political and cultural independence. But the wish for greater international audiences and worldwide recognition prompted a series of writers to adopt English as a second literary language of choice. Abbie Gubegna was one of the leaders of this movement that first started translating fiction and poetry formerly written in Amharic, the official language and first national language of culture, and then producing original output in a peculiar form of hybrid English, which was provided with an unavoidable Amharic flavour in words and phrasing. And, although Abbie Gubegna has proved to be a very prolific full–time writer, Defiance is probably his most reputed work of fiction in English.  \n2. Ethiopia  \nCommonplace remarks are very popular when referring to the Ethiopian nation, its unique history and brilliant culture, while sound visions of its peculiar realities are very scarce. Both claims are not only true, but the former ‘commonplace remarks’ can also easily be studied in much more detail, whereas the latter scarce ‘sound visions’ should be promoted to a greater extent.  \nThe claims that Ethiopia is a millenarian nation (one of the oldest nations in the world), an ancient Chr","cbCaicd40yN126un","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicd40yN126un","pdf",220857,1,27,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Ethiopia\n## A millenarian Christian nation","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the article?\",\"answer\":\"The article examines Ethiopia’s cultural and literary heritage and analyzes the impact of European colonialism, using Abbie Gubegna’s 1975 novel Defiance as a central case study.\"},{\"question\":\"How is Defiance connected to Amharic and Ethiopian literary traditions?\",\"answer\":\"Defiance was published in English but is based on earlier texts in Amharic, integrating Ethiopian cultural and linguistic elements into a hybrid form of English.\"},{\"question\":\"What themes does Defiance symbolize regarding Italian Fascism?\",\"answer\":\"The novel symbolizes the struggle against invading Italian Fascism while also expressing deep appreciation for Ethiopia’s indigenous culture.\"}]","DEFIANCE, A POSTCOLONIAL NOVEL BY THE ETHIOPIAN ABBIE GUBEGNA - 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