[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-514384-105":59,"doc-detail-514384-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","defense-threat-reduction-agency-nanobot-enzymes","Defense Threat Reduction Agency - \"Nanobot\" Enzymes","","Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Chemical and Biological Technologies Department describes enzyme-powered nanobot-like pumps designed to counter organophosphate nerve agents in real time. The approach harnesses catalytic enzymes to generate mechanical action, enabling precise control of fluid transport without external power. By attaching enzymes to an antidote reservoir, the system operates as a coordinated one-two mechanism: pumping out the agent and pumping in the antidote. The document also outlines how enzyme-driven propulsion could translate into protective clothing and broader medical delivery applications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/defense-threat-reduction-agency-nanobot-enzymes/514384/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/defense-threat-reduction-agency-nanobot-enzymes/514384.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rhys","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-10","2026-10-06",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How do enzyme-powered nanobot-like pumps neutralize organophosphate nerve agents?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They use catalytic enzymes to drive autonomous, non-mechanical pumping. The system pumps out the nerve agent while simultaneously administering an antidote.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What antidote is mentioned in the document?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The document names an antidote enzyme: organophosphorus acid anhydrolase.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What future protective and medical applications does the document suggest?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It suggests nanobot pumps could be incorporated into protective clothing for military or first responders and explored for other enzyme-based devices, such as insulin delivery and drug-delivery systems.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},514384,1791512809,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","in theDTRA.milNewS  \nU.S.Air Force photo by Ika Cole  \nLead DoD science and technology toanticipate,defend and safeguard againstchemicaland biological threats for thewarfighter and the nation.  \n# Front cover:\n\nA U.S.Army staff sgt.and specialist assigned tothe 95th Chemical Company,\"Arctic Dragons\",17thCombat Sustainment Support Battalion,U.S.ArmyAlaska,walk off the firing line after a Joint ServiceLightweight Integrated Suit Technology stress fire.The JSLIST is the product of a four-service effortto field a common chemical protective clothingensemble including a lightweight protectivegarment,multi-purpose overboots and gloves.(U.S.Air Force photo by Justin Connaher)  \n# DEFENSE THREAT REDUCTION AGENCY\n\nResearch and Development DirectorateChemical and Biological Technologies Department  \n8725 John J Kingman Road,Stop 6201,Fort Belvoir,VA 22060  \nWww.dtra.mil  \nFind us on social media:@doddtra  \n## Back cover:\n\nduids  \nA Marine with 5th Marine Regiment,1st MarineDivision,checks the perimeter of the combatoperations center during a chemical,biological,radiological,nuclear drill.(U.S.Marine Corpsphoto by Cpl.WillPerkins)  \nDownload our eBook-keyword:DTRA  \n一>>>  \n100  \nNO SMALL/THING:  \n# \"Nanobot\"Enzymes\n\nCounter Chemical Threats  \nAdditionally,  \naccording to Sen,  \nif you attach the enzyme to a  \nsupport,this force gets transmitted to the  \nfluid,and then combined,the two will act as nanofluidicpumps.In essence,the chemical that it is pumpingthrough the enzymes becomes the fuel,which in turnpumps in the antidote.These non-mechanical pumpsprovide a precise control overflow rate without the aidof an external power source and are capable of turningon in response to specific analytes in solution.  \nNanobots have long  \nbeen dreamed of by scientists  \nand science fiction writers alike-microscopicmachines that enter the bloodstream or operate undetected.What if nature could be harnessed to provide similarcapabilities?What if warfighters had the capability to bothcounteract and treat chemical weapon agents in real-time?The Defense Threat Reduction Agency's Chemical andBiological Technologies Department,along with AyusmanSen,Ph.D.,of Penn State University,are using enzymesthat catalytically harness the chemical energy in theirenvironment to move autonomously and do the “bot”work to neutralize the organophosphate nerve agents.While these enzymes are not nanobots by the technicaldefinition,they function similarly.  \nIn this way,Sen's team,backed by DTRA CB funding,made enzyme-powered nanobot pumps that destroyorganophosphate nerve agents while simultaneouslyadministering an antidote to the body.Exposure tothese chemicals during military combat or terroristattacks can cause permanent neurological damageand,in some cases,death.  \nAccording to Sen,there are enzymes that decompose nerveagents,which fuels the pumping actions.By attaching theenzyme to a reservoir,like a gel that is filled with nerveagent antidote,when it comes in contact with a nerveagent,it pumps out the agent and pumps in the antidote.It's a one-two punch —it pumps out the agent and pumpsin the antidote.In this case,the antidote is an enzymecalled organophosphorus acid anhydrolase.  \nEnzymes are naturally occurring protein catalysts ofchemical reactions.Almost all metabolic processes ina cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enoughto sustain life.Hundreds of enzymes constantly move freelythroughout our bodies and can enable the reactions ofhundreds of thousands of molecules per second.Previouslyunknown,enzymes generate mechanical force when theyfacilitate a reaction.  \nHowever,the enzyme-reservoir combination has to bein or on a body before exposure to a nerve agent,like aprophylaxis or a sunscreen.According to Sen,nanobotpumps could someday be incorporated into protectiveclothing for the military or first responders.He is alsoexploring applications for nanobots based on other enzymes,for example,an insulin-pumping device to treat diabetes andan enzyme-powered ","cbCaijXRUWaTeZkr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijXRUWaTeZkr","pdf",3268440,"English","# \"Nanobot\" Enzymes\n## Counter Chemical Threats","[{\"question\":\"How do enzyme-powered nanobot-like pumps neutralize organophosphate nerve agents?\",\"answer\":\"They use catalytic enzymes to drive autonomous, non-mechanical pumping. The system pumps out the nerve agent while simultaneously administering an antidote.\"},{\"question\":\"What antidote is mentioned in the document?\",\"answer\":\"The document names an antidote enzyme: organophosphorus acid anhydrolase.\"},{\"question\":\"What future protective and medical applications does the document suggest?\",\"answer\":\"It suggests nanobot pumps could be incorporated into protective clothing for military or first responders and explored for other enzyme-based devices, such as insulin delivery and drug-delivery systems.\"}]","Defense Threat Reduction Agency - \"Nanobot\" Enzymes | PDF",1791299001]