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It reviews Pentagon statements about policy-inconsistent passages, then argues the manuals contain broader anti-democratic frameworks: infiltration of civilian groups, guidance on surveillance and secrecy, and techniques for interrogations, coercion, blackmail, torture, execution, and detainment outside due process. 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February 18, 1997  \nOn September 20 , 1996, the Pentagon released to the public seven training manuals prepared by the U.S. military and used between 1987 and 1991 for intelligence training courses in Latin America and at the U.S. Army School of the Americas (SOA) . A selection of excerpts was distributed to the press at that time. The Pentagon press release accompanying the excerpts states that a 1991-92 investigation into the manuals concluded that \"two dozen short passages in six of the manuals, which total 1169 pages, contained material that either was not or could be interpreted not to be consistent with U.S. policy. \" A January 1997 \"information paper\" sent out by the School of the Americas in response to public inquiries on the manuals claims that SOA training material merely contained several passages with \"words or phrases inconsistent with U.S. government policy. \" A close reading of all seven manuals, however, reveals many more passages, and indeed an entire framework, that should be deemed inconsistent with U.S. policy and democratic standards. This memo contains excerpts from these manuals, and two other CIA manuals declassified in January 1997 in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request by the Baltimore Sun.  \nThe army manual excerpts highlighted by the Pentagon advocate tactics such as executing guerrillas, blackmail, false imprisonment, physical abuse, use of truth serum to obtain information and payment of bounties for enemy dead. Counterintelligence agents are advised that one of their functions is\"recommending targets for neutralization,\" a term which is defined in one manual as \"detaining or discrediting\" but which \"was commonly used at the time as a euphemism for execution or destruction,\" according to a Pentagon official ( Washington Post, September 21, 1996) . What is not included in these excerpts, however, is the larger context. The seven army manuals train Latin American militaries to infiltrate and spy upon civilians, including student groups, unions, charitable organizations and political parties; to confuse armed insurgencies with legal political opposition; and to disregard or get around any laws regarding due process, arrest and detention. What the manuals leave out is as important as what they include, and what they leave out is any understanding of democracy and the rule of law.  \nThe release of the seven army manuals was the result of extensive public and congressional pressure. The manuals were mentioned in a passing reference in  \n1  \nCEME-Centro de Estudios Miguel Enríquez-Archivo Chile  \nthe President's advisory Intelligence Oversight Board's June 1996 report on Guatemala; this report was made public in response to the high level of interest and pressure from human rights and grassroots organizations. Representative Joseph Kennedy (D-MA) then asked the administration to declassify the manuals in their entirety. The CIA manuals were only released after the Baltimore Sun threatened a lawsuit.  \nThe Seven Army Manuals  \nThe seven Spanish-language manuals were drafted in 1987 by U.S. Army military intelligence officers in Panama. They were based in part on lesson plans used by SOA instructors since 1982. The manuals as well as the SOA lesson plans, in turn, were also based in part on older material dating back to the 1960s from \"Project X,\" the U.S. Army's Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program, which provided training not just to Latin American nations but to U.S. allies around the world. \"Project X\" materials had been retained in the files of the Army Intelligence School at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.  \nThe U.S. government estimates that as many as a thousand copies of these manuals may have been distributed at the SOA and throughout Latin America. The manuals were used by U.S. military Mobile Training Teams in L","cbCaiu6t5rkFB9vX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu6t5rkFB9vX","pdf",481853,23,"English","# Overview and Declassification Context\n## Pentagon and FOIA Release Narrative\n# The Seven Army Manuals\n## Origins and Distribution\n# Manual Content and Implications\n## Tactics and Democratic Standards","[{\"question\":\"Why were the manuals released to the public in the 1990s?\",\"answer\":\"They were declassified after extensive public and congressional pressure, with further action triggered when the Baltimore Sun threatened a lawsuit.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of activities does the memo say the manuals train Latin American militaries to do?\",\"answer\":\"It describes training focused on infiltrating and spying on civilian groups, conducting surveillance, recruiting and retaining spies, and handling interrogations and detention without respecting due process.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the memo challenge the Pentagon’s explanation about policy-inconsistent passages?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that although Pentagon excerpts highlighted certain objectionable lines, a close reading shows a much larger framework inconsistent with U.S. policy and democratic standards.\"}]","Declassified Army and CIA Manuals Used in Latin America - An Analysis of Their Content | PDF",1792707715,58]