[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40281-en":3,"doc-seo-40281-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40281,4810365810221,"Aurora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Debunking Handbook 2020","Debunking Handbook 2020 defines misinformation and disinformation as false information spread by mistake or with intent, emphasizing the substantial harm such narratives can cause to individuals and society. It explains why misinformation is “sticky,” describing the continued influence effect and how corrections may still leave residual reliance on false claims in indirectly related contexts. The handbook highlights prevention through inoculation—teaching misleading argumentation strategies in advance—and stresses proper, timely debunking when preemption is not possible.","e Debunking Handbook  \n2020  \nStephan Lewandowsky  \nUniversity of Bristol and  \nUniversity of Western Australia  \n[cogsciwa.com](cogsciwa.com)  \nJohn Cook  \nGeorge Mason University  \n[climatechangecommunication.org](climatechangecommunication.org)  \nUllrich Ecker  \nUniversity of Western Australia  \n[emc-lab.org](emc-lab.org)  \nDolores Albarracín  \nUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  \n[psychology.illinois.edu/people/dalbarra](psychology.illinois.edu/people/dalbarra)  \nMichelle A. Amazeen  \nBoston University  \n[bu.edu/com/profile/michelle-amazeen/](bu.edu/com/profile/michelle-amazeen/)  \nPanayiota Kendeou  \nDepartment of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota  \n[cehd.umn.edu/edpsych/people/kend0040/](cehd.umn.edu/edpsych/people/kend0040/)  \nDoug Lombardi  \nUniversity of Maryland  \n[sciencelearning.net](sciencelearning.net)  \nEryn J. Newman  \nResearch School of Psychology, The Australian National University  \n[erynjnewman.com](erynjnewman.com)  \nGordon Pennycook  \nHill Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina [gordonpennycook.net](gordonpennycook.net)  \nEthan Porter  \nSchool of Media and Public Affairs; Institute for Data, Democracy and Politics; Department of Political Science (courtesy), George Washington University  \n[ethanporter.com](ethanporter.com)  \nDavid G. Rand  \nSloan School and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT  \n[daverand.org](daverand.org)  \nDavid N. Rapp  \nSchool of Education and Social Policy & Department of Psychology, Northwestern University  \n[rapplab.sesp.northwestern.edu](rapplab.sesp.northwestern.edu)  \nJason Reifler  \nUniversity of Exeter  \n[jasonreifler.com](jasonreifler.com)  \nJon Roozenbeek  \nUniversity of Cambridge  \n[chu.cam.ac.uk/people/view/jon-roozenbeek](chu.cam.ac.uk/people/view/jon-roozenbeek)  \nPhilipp Schmid  \nDepartment of Psychology, University of Erfurt  \n[philippschmid.org](philippschmid.org)  \nColleen M. Seifert  \nUniversity of Michigan  \n[lsa.umich.edu/psych](lsa.umich.edu/psych)  \nGale M. Sinatra  \nRossier School of Education, University of Southern California  \n[motivatedchangelab.com/](motivatedchangelab.com/)  \nBriony Swire-Thompson  \nNetwork Science Institute, Northeastern University Institute of Quantitative Social Science,  \nHarvard University, [brionyswire.com](brionyswire.com)  \nSander van der Linden  \nDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge  \n[psychol.cam.ac.uk/people/sander-van-der-linden](psychol.cam.ac.uk/people/sander-van-der-linden)  \nEmily K. Vraga  \nHubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota  \n[emilyk.vraga.org](emilyk.vraga.org)  \nThomas J. Wood  \nDepartment of Political Science, Ohio State University [polisci.osu.edu/people/wood.1080](polisci.osu.edu/people/wood.1080)  \nMaria S. Zaragoza  \nDepartment of Psychology, Kent State University  \n[kent.edu/psychology/profile/maria-s-zaragoza](kent.edu/psychology/profile/maria-s-zaragoza)  \nReviewers: Lisa Fazio, Anastasia Kozyreva, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen, Jay Van Bavel  \nGraphic Design: Wendy Cook  \nThe Debunking Handbook 2020 2  \nMisinformation can do damage  \nMisinformation is false information that is spread either by mistake or with intent to mislead. When there is intent to mislead, it is called disinformation. Misinformation has the potential to cause substantial harm to individuals and society. It is therefore important to protect people against being misinformed, either by making them resilient against misinformation before it is encountered or by debunking it after people have been exposed.  \nMisinformation can be sticky!  \nFact-checking can reduce people’s beliefs in false information. However, misinformation often continues to influence people’s thinking even after they receive and accept a correction—this is known as the “continued influence effect” 1. Even if a factual correction seems effective—because people acknowledge it and it is clear that they have updated their beliefs—people frequently rely on the misinformation in other conte","cbCaioC3cywQ0HEY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioC3cywQ0HEY","pdf",1492573,2,1,19,"English","en",105,"# Understanding misinformation\n## Definitions and societal impact\n## The continued influence effect\n# Preventing misinformation from sticking\n## Inoculation strategy\n# Debunking effectively\n## When and how to debunk","[{\"question\":\"What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?\",\"answer\":\"Misinformation is false information spread by mistake or with intent to mislead. When there is intent to mislead, it is called disinformation.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can corrections fail to fully remove misinformation’s impact?\",\"answer\":\"Misinformation can continue to influence thinking even after people accept corrections, known as the continued influence effect. People may still rely on the misinformation in other, indirectly related contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"How does inoculation help prevent misinformation from sticking?\",\"answer\":\"Inoculation builds resilience by explaining misleading or manipulative argumentation strategies before exposure. Its drawback is that it requires advance knowledge of misinformation techniques and works best when delivered prior to encountering the misinformation.\"}]",1783307650,48,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"debunking-handbook-2020","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/debunking-handbook-2020/40281/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Misinformation is false information spread by mistake or with intent to mislead. When there is intent to mislead, it is called disinformation.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Why can corrections fail to fully remove misinformation’s impact?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Misinformation can continue to influence thinking even after people accept corrections, known as the continued influence effect. People may still rely on the misinformation in other, indirectly related contexts.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does inoculation help prevent misinformation from sticking?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Inoculation builds resilience by explaining misleading or manipulative argumentation strategies before exposure. Its drawback is that it requires advance knowledge of misinformation techniques and works best when delivered prior to encountering the misinformation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},"General","general"]