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Convenience sampling targeted 12,376 Nairobi buses and matatus, with 1,000 questionnaires issued and 716 valid responses analyzed (72%). T-tests examined differences in Road Traffic Violations by employment status and gender. Results show male, employed, and more experienced drivers predicted higher DBQ scores for traffic violations and accident numbers, recommending further study of psychological and contextual factors.",{"@graph":14,"@context":77},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/dba-africa-management-review-volume-1-issue-4-gender-and-employed-drivers-influence-on-risk-taking-behaviour-in-road-traffic-violations/296090/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dba-africa-management-review-volume-1-issue-4-gender-and-employed-drivers-influence-on-risk-taking-behaviour-in-road-traffic-violations/296090.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Logic","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69,73],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the main focus of the study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The study investigates how gender and employment category influence risk-taking behavior measured through traffic violations using the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ).","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was the data collected and how many responses were analyzed?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"A convenience sample of 1,000 drivers from Nairobi buses and matatus was selected and 716 completed questionnaires were returned, yielding a 72% response rate used in analysis.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What method was used to test the research hypotheses?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The t-test was used to determine whether there were significant differences in average Road Traffic Violations between employed drivers and driver-owners, and between male and female drivers.",{"name":74,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What were the key findings and recommendations?",{"text":76,"@type":64},"Male drivers and employed drivers showed higher traffic violation scores than female and vehicle owner-drivers. The paper recommends further examination of psychological and contextual factors driving higher violation tendencies among employed drivers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":79,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":83,"site_id":7},296090,1789728011,{"code":4,"msg":86,"data":87},"success",[88,92,96,100,105,110,115,119,124,127,131],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},8,30,"research-report",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":126},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":128,"slug":130},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":134},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":86,"data":136},{"doc_id":83,"user_id":137,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":116,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":122,"language":144,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":84,"read_time":108,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","DBA AFRICA MANAGEMENT REVIEW  \nVOLUME 1 2 NO 4  \n2 0 2 2  \nGENDER AND EMPLOYED DRIVERS INFLUENCE ON RISK  \nTAKING BEHAVIOUR IN ROAD TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS  \nJimmy Macharia, Ph. D.  \nA Q UA R T E R LY P U B L I CAT I O N O F T H E D E PA R T M E N T O F B U S I N E S SA D M I N I ST RA T I O N , FA C U LTY O F B U S I N E S S A N D MA NA G E M E N T S C I E N C E S  \nU N I V E R S I T Y O F N A I R O B I  \nI S S N N O : 2 2 2 4-2 0 2 3  \nDBA Africa Management Review  \nReceived Date 30/04/2022 1st Review 06/06/2022 2nd Review 19/09/2022 Accepted Date  \n07/10/2022  \nGENDER AND EMPLOYED DRIVERS INFLUENCE ON RISKTAKING BEHAVIOUR IN ROAD TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS  \nJimmy Macharia, Ph.D.1  \nAbstract  \nPrevious studies that often express traffic safety as the “inverse of accidents” have recently been criticized by researchers who claim that traffic safety is more than the mere absence of accidents. Further criticism of these past studies is that they often look for associations between self-reports similar to the driver behaviour questionnaire (DBQ) and accidents. The focus of this study shifted from counting accidents to investigating and quantifying unsafe behaviours as violations. The study adopted a descriptive study approach using across-sectional survey. The population was conveniently selected as the drivers of the 12,376 buses and matatus in Nairobi. A convenience sample of 1000 drivers was randomly chosen. Out of the 1000 issued questionnaires, only 716 were returned completed, representing a 72% response rate, and used in the analysis. The t-test was used to study the support for this research hypothesis. The t-test was used to determine if there was a significant difference between the average Road Traffic Violations of employed and that of driver-owners. A similar test was carried out to determine if there was a significant difference between the average Road Traffic Violations of male and female drivers. The findings establish that gender, employee status, and experience predicted the respondents'score on the DBQ variables of traffic violations and the number of accidents. The study revealed that males had a higher traffic violation score than females. In addition, employed drivers had a higher traffic violation score than vehicle owner-drivers. The study concludes that employed drivers have an increased road traffic violation tendency, and male drivers have higher scores in road traffic violations. Consequently, this paper recommends further examination of the psychological and contextual factors that influence employed drivers'higher road traffic violations. This study's limitation was that it did not include government-employed and school bus drivers.  \nKeywords: Aggressive driving, Road Traffic Accidents (RTA), Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ), Gender, Traffic violations.  \n1 Associate Professor of Information Systems & Technology, School of Science and Technology, United States International University – [Africa-](Africa-kmacharia@usiu.ac.ke)[kmacharia@usiu.ac.ke](Africa-kmacharia@usiu.ac.ke)  \n1 |  \nAll rights reserved  \nDepartment of Business Administration Faculty of Business and Management Sciences  \nUniversity of Nairobi DBA Africa Management Review  \nIntroduction  \nPrevious studies that often express traffic safety as the “inverse of accidents” have recently been criticized by researchers who claim that traffic safety is more than the mere absence of accidents (Oppenheim, Oron-Gilad, Parmet, & Shinar, 2016) . Plankermann et al.(2013) maintain that studying accidents as a subject is insufficient for illuminating driving behaviour. Driver behaviour denotes what drivers have a habit of doing in usual situations within their performance parameters and assuming their wishes, motivation, and goals (Xing, Lv, & Cao, 2020) . On the other hand, traffic violations may be defined as the operation of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, or any other driven motorized machine that threatens or is likely to jeopardize the safety of other pe","cbCaio8QfDYpLTjN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio8QfDYpLTjN","pdf",5219385,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n# Literature Review\n## Theoretical Foundation","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates how gender and employment category influence risk-taking behavior measured through traffic violations using the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ).\"},{\"question\":\"How was the data collected and how many responses were analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"A convenience sample of 1,000 drivers from Nairobi buses and matatus was selected and 716 completed questionnaires were returned, yielding a 72% response rate used in analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"What method was used to test the research hypotheses?\",\"answer\":\"The t-test was used to determine whether there were significant differences in average Road Traffic Violations between employed drivers and driver-owners, and between male and female drivers.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings and recommendations?\",\"answer\":\"Male drivers and employed drivers showed higher traffic violation scores than female and vehicle owner-drivers. The paper recommends further examination of psychological and contextual factors driving higher violation tendencies among employed drivers.\"}]","DBA Africa Management Review - Volume 1 - Issue 4 - Gender and Employed Drivers Influence on Risk-Taking Behaviour in Road Traffic Violations | PDF"]