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School organizations face challenges and can learn from other learning organizations, including the U.S. Army, which uses a defined data decision-making cycle. This field study compares decision-making tool use in a U.S. school district and a U.S. Army unit, suggesting Army tools are more sophisticated for complex problem solving.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/data-driven-decision-making-tools-for-school-leaders-developing-tools-that-enculturate-distributive-leadership-and-shared-decision-making/591114/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/data-driven-decision-making-tools-for-school-leaders-developing-tools-that-enculturate-distributive-leadership-and-shared-decision-making/591114.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McQueen","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do school leaders need better decision-making tools for shared decision-making?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Many leaders lack data tools that encourage teachers and educational leaders to actively participate in decision-making moments. This can limit distributive leadership and shared decision-making within schools or districts.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What organizations are compared in the field study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study compares a Southeastern U.S. K-12 public school district with a Southeastern U.S. Army unit, focusing on how each uses decision-making tools culturally.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the study results suggest about U.S. Army decision-making tools?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The findings suggest U.S. Army decision-making tools may be more sophisticated for solving complex problems than current education decision-making tools used by school principals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591114,1793017177,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909890329169,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Data Driven Decision-Making Tools for School Leaders: Developing Tools that Enculturate Distributive Leadership and Shared  \nDecision-Making  \nAlfred Parham, Angela C. Adair, and Ellen H. Reames  \nPhenix City Intermediate School and Auburn University  \nAbstract  \nMany school leaders who sought to enculturate distributive leadership and shared decision-making within their schools/school districts may not have adequate data tools that would encourage teachers and educational leaders to actively participate during times of decision-making. School organizations may struggle in this area and could benefit from the decision-making practices of other learning organizations (Adler-Greene, 2019; Azeska et al., 2017; Darrow, 2016; Flowers & Carpenter, 2009). One such learning organization that has experience in the data decision-making cycle is the U.S. Army (Greer et al., 2018; Hernandez et al., 2017; Parham; 2015; U.S Army Doctrinal Publication, The Operations Process No. 5.0, 2019) . This field study explored and compared the cultural use of decision-making tools of [a U.S. school](a U.S. school) district located in the Southeastern region of the United States of America to the cultural use of decision-making tools of a U.S. Army Military unit located in the Southeastern region of the United States of America. The results suggests that U.S. Army decision-making tools may be more sophisticated in solving complex problems than current education decision-making tools used by school principals and enculturates practices of distributive leadership and shared decision-making (Greer et al., 2018; Hernandez et al., 2017; Parham, 2015; U.S Army Doctrinal Publication, The Operations Process No. 5.0, 2019; U.S. Army Field Manual, Commander and Staff Organization and Operations No. 6-0, 2015) .  \nKeywords: Decision-Making Tools, Distributive Leadership, Shared Decision-Making, Data-Driven Decision-Making, Decision-Making Process.  \nThe Republican and Democratic accountability-driven educational policies of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), Race To The Top RTTT, and the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) are influencing how school data is utilized for decision-making and may require educators to explore other cultural paradigms to change how educators practice decision-making (Adler-Greene, 2019; Azeska et al., 2017; Darrow, 2016; Marino, 2007) . Despite the recent political influences and accountability policies for data-driven decision-making, very little empirical research exists to describe or interpret the decision-making processes and tools of school leaders or to provide school leaders with descriptions and interpretations as to how other learning organizations, such as the U.S. Army, conduct decision-making processes. Data-driven decision-making is the comprehensive process to make decisions based on data derived from sources such as school demographics, student learning, stakeholder perceptions, and school process data (Datnow et al., 2017; McREL, 2003; Park & Datnow, 2009) .  \nThis much-needed research may inform school leaders on how they might construct or improve upon current decision-making tools, such as data walls and decision-making models for use in facilitating continuous school improvement (Datnow et al., 2017; McREL, 2003; Parham, 2015; Park & Datnow, 2009; U.S. Army Doctrinal Publication, The Operations Process No. 5.0, 2019; U.S. Army Field Manual, Commander and Staff Organization and Operations No. 6-0, 2015) .  \nReview of Literature  \nSchool Data Room or Data Wall  \nA school data room or data wall can be a useful tool for displaying and presenting information; moreover, an established data room with a data coordinator to analyze, present, and update the data can stimulate the collaborative use and analysis of school data in the decision-making process (Harris et al., 2020; Goss & Hunter, 2015) . DeLisio (2009) used the term data room and made physical comparisons ofthe school data room to a military war room.  \nThe U.S Army war","cbCaimJV4aEqgQmJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimJV4aEqgQmJ","pdf",108282,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Review of Literature\n## School Data Room or Data Wall\n## Comparing the Tools Used for Decision Making","[{\"question\":\"Why do school leaders need better decision-making tools for shared decision-making?\",\"answer\":\"Many leaders lack data tools that encourage teachers and educational leaders to actively participate in decision-making moments. This can limit distributive leadership and shared decision-making within schools or districts.\"},{\"question\":\"What organizations are compared in the field study?\",\"answer\":\"The study compares a Southeastern U.S. K-12 public school district with a Southeastern U.S. Army unit, focusing on how each uses decision-making tools culturally.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the study results suggest about U.S. Army decision-making tools?\",\"answer\":\"The findings suggest U.S. Army decision-making tools may be more sophisticated for solving complex problems than current education decision-making tools used by school principals.\"}]","Data Driven Decision-Making Tools for School Leaders - Developing Tools that Enculturate Distributive Leadership and Shared Decision-Making | PDF",1792071152,33]