[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-42956-en":3,"doc-seo-42956-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},42956,1649267921044,"Ava Thompson","https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1782875107921204101",8,"Research & Report","Cyber Diplomacy: The Making of an International Society in the Digital Age","Cyberspace has become a central locus of international relations as states incorporate cyber issues into foreign policy through strategies and designated diplomats. The article develops the concept of cyber-diplomacy by tracing its evolution and connecting it to diplomacy as an institution of international society, framed through the English School approach. It argues that cyber-diplomacy is an emerging practice aiming to build a cyber international society, linking state national interests with the dynamics of world society shaped by decades of cyberspace development.","Global Affairs  \nISSN: 2334-0460 (Print) 2334-0479 (Online) Journal homepage: [https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rgaf20](https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rgaf20)  \nCyber-diplomacy: the making of an international society in the digital age  \nAndré Barrinha & Thomas Renard  \nTo cite this article: André Barrinha & Thomas Renard (2017) Cyber-diplomacy: the making of an international society in the digital age, Global Affairs, 3:4-5, 353-364, DOI:  \n10. 1080/23340460 .2017.1414924  \nTo link to this article: [https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924](https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924)  \n Published online: 28 Dec 2017.  \n\n|  Submit your article to this journal  |  |\n| --- | --- |\n|  Article views: 18212 |  |\n|  | View related articles  |\n|  | View Crossmark data |\n|  Citing articles: 5 View citing articles  |  |\n\nFull Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at [https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rgaf20](https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rgaf20)  \nCyber-diplomacy: the making of an international society in the digital age  \nAndré Barrinhaa,b and Thomas Renardc,d  \naDepartment of Politics, Languages and International Studies, University of Bath, Bath, UK; bCentre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; cEgmont – Royal Institute for International Relations, Brussels, Belgium; dDepartment of International Affairs, Vesalius College, Brussels, Belgium  \nABSTRACT  \nCyberspace has become a major locus and focus of international relations. Most global powers have now streamlined cyber issues into their foreign policies, adopting cyber strategies and appointing designated diplomats to pursue these strategic objectives. This article proposes to explore the concept of cyberdiplomacy, by analysing its evolution and linking it to the broader discussions of diplomacy as a fundamental institution of international society, as defined by the English School of International Relations. It argues that cyber-diplomacy is an emerging international practice that is attempting to construct a cyber-international society, bridging the national interests of states with world society dynamics – the predominant realm in which cyberspace has evolved in the last four decades.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 11 July 2017 Accepted 6 December 2017  \nKEYWORDS  \nDiplomacy; cybersecurity; cyber-diplomacy; international society; foreign policy  \nBy itself, the internet will not usher in a new era of international cooperation. That work is up to us. (Barack Obama, 2011)  \nIntroduction  \nCyber espionage, cyber-attacks, hacktivism, internet censorship and even supposedly technical issues such as net neutrality are now making the headlines on a regular basis. Cyberspace has become a contested political space, shaped by diverging interests, norms and values. As a result of this politicization, diplomats have entered the game. If cyberspace was once a domain for technical discussions among IT specialists only, that era is definitively over.  \nThe role of diplomacy in cyberspace is much less prominent in the media than stories of cyber incidents. A notable exception was the 2015 cybersecurity deal reached between the US and China, one of the most contentious issue in their bilateral relations. For years, both sides had accused each other of network infiltration and of stealing confidential information from companies and government agencies. The US had accused China of stealing or compromising a number of weapon systems, such as the F-35 and the PAC3 missile  \nCONTACT Thomas Renard  [t.renard@egmontinstitute.be](t.renard@egmontinstitute.be)[ ](t.renard@egmontinstitute.be)© 2017 European International Studies Association  \n354  A. BARRINHA AND T. RENARD  \n(Meyer, 2015) . In 2014, five Chinese hackers were indicted by the Department of Justice over hacking into a number of high-profile companies, such as the United States Steel Corporation (Segal, 2016) . China has often respond","cbCaigYSMcfSQz9N","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigYSMcfSQz9N","pdf",1166914,5,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Cyber issues as a contested political space\n## The role of diplomacy and diplomats in cyber matters\n## Framing cyber-diplomacy through the English School","[{\"question\":\"What does the article propose about cyber-diplomacy?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes exploring cyber-diplomacy by analyzing how it has evolved and linking it to broader discussions of diplomacy as an institution within international society.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article argue cyberspace requires diplomatic engagement?\",\"answer\":\"Cyberspace has become a contested political space shaped by competing interests, norms, and values, which brings diplomats into the policy arena beyond purely technical debates.\"},{\"question\":\"What question does the article aim to answer about foreign ministries?\",\"answer\":\"It seeks to explain when and why ministries of foreign 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